The information system of the French Peatland Observation Service: Service National d'Observation Tourbières – A valuable tool to assess the impact of global changes on the hydrology and biogeochemistry of temperate peatlands through long term monitoring     

Sébastien Gogo  Jean-Baptiste Paroissien  Fatima Laggoun-Défarge  Jean-Marc Antoine  Léonard Bernard-Jannin  Guillaume Bertrand  Philippe Binet  Stéphane Binet  Guillaume Bouger  Yohann Brossard  Thierry Camboulive  Jean-Pierre Caudal  Stéphane Chevrier  Geneviève Chiapiuso  Benoît D'Angelo  Pilar Durantez  Chris Flechard  André-Jean Francez  Didier Galop  Laure Gandois  Daniel Gilbert  Christophe Guimbaud  Louis Hinault  Adrien Jacotot  Franck Le Moing  Emilie Lerigoleur  Gaël Le Roux  Fabien Leroy  Alexandre Lhosmot  Qian Li  Elodie Machado Da Silva  Jean-Sébastien Moquet  Juanita Mora-Gomez  Laurent Perdereau  Thomas Rosset  Marie-Laure Toussaint 《水文研究》2021,35(6):e14244

Mitigating and adapting to global changes requires a better understanding of the response of the Biosphere to these environmental variations. Human disturbances and their effects act in the long term (decades to centuries) and consequently, a similar time frame is needed to fully understand the hydrological and biogeochemical functioning of a natural system. To this end, the ‘Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique’ (CNRS) promotes and certifies long-term monitoring tools called national observation services or ‘Service National d'Observation’ (SNO) in a large range of hydrological and biogeochemical systems (e.g., cryosphere, catchments, aquifers). The SNO investigating peatlands, the SNO ‘Tourbières’, was certified in 2011 ( https://www.sno-tourbieres.cnrs.fr/ ). Peatlands are mostly found in the high latitudes of the northern hemisphere and French peatlands are located in the southern part of this area. Thus, they are located in environmental conditions that will occur in northern peatlands in coming decades or centuries and can be considered as sentinels. The SNO Tourbières is composed of four peatlands: La Guette (lowland central France), Landemarais (lowland oceanic western France), Frasne (upland continental eastern France) and Bernadouze (upland southern France). Thirty target variables are monitored to study the hydrological and biogeochemical functioning of the sites. They are grouped into four datasets: hydrology, fluvial export of organic matter, greenhouse gas fluxes and meteorology/soil physics. The data from all sites follow a common processing chain from the sensors to the public repository. The raw data are stored on an FTP server. After operator or automatic processing, data are stored in a database, from which a web application extracts the data to make them available ( https://data-snot.cnrs.fr/data-access/ ). Each year at least, an archive of each dataset is stored in Zenodo, with a digital object identifier (DOI) attribution ( https://zenodo.org/communities/sno_tourbieres_data/ ).  相似文献   

Effect of zinc sacrificial anode degradation on the defence system of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas: Chronic and acute exposures     

E Mottin  C Caplat  T Latire  A Mottier  ML Mahaut  K Costil  D Barillier  JM Lebel  A Serpentini 《Marine pollution bulletin》2012,64(9):1911-1920

Two types of exposures were performed to assess the effects of zinc released from sacrificial anode degradation: a chronic exposure, in which oysters were exposed to 0.53±0.04mgZnL(-1) for 10weeks, and an acute exposure, where oysters were exposed to 10.2±1.2mgZnL(-1) for 1week. At the end of the acute exposure experiment, 81.8% mortality was recorded. In contrast, no mortality was detected after 10weeks exposure. Moreover, all of the immune system biomarkers studied, except the number of circulating haemocytes, were stimulated by a moderate level of zinc and inhibited by a high level. Our exposure conditions did not induce SOD or MXR mRNA expression in gills and digestive gland. However, an increase of MT mRNA is observed in these tissues. The results indicate that oysters are sensitive to acute zinc toxicity but are only moderately affected by a mild zinc concentration.  相似文献   

Benchmarking spatial joins a la carte     

Oliver Gunther  Philippe Picouet  Jean-Marc Saglio  Michel Scholl  Vincent Oria 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(7):639-655

Spatial joins are join operations that involve spatial data types and operators. Spatial access methods are often used to speed up the computation of spatial joins. This paper addresses the issue of benchmarking spatial join operations. For this purpose, we first present a WWW-based benchmark generator to produce sets of rectangles. Using a Web browser, experimenters can specify the number of rectangles in a sample, as well as the statistical distributions of their sizes, shapes, and locations. Second, using the generator and a well-defined set of statistical models we define several tests to compare the performance of three spatial join algorithms: nested loop, scan-and-index, and synchronized tree traversal. We also added two real-life data sets from the Sequoia 2000 storage benchmark. Our results show that the relative performance of the different techniques mainly depends on the selectivity factor of the join predicate. All of the statistical models and algorithms are available on the Web, which allows for easy verification and modification of our experiments.  相似文献   

Extension tardi-orogénique et formation des bassins intracontinentaux: le bassin stéphanien des Cévennes     

Pascal Allemand  Jean-Marc Lardeaux  Gilles Dromart  Magali Ader 《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(2):70-80

Résumé

Le bassin carbonifère des Cévennes, voisin du décrochement sénestre de Villefort, a été étudié en intégrant les données sédimentologiques, les données structurales du socle et du remplissage, ainsi que les données de la pétrologie métamorphique du socle. Le remplissage du bassin est contrôlé par des failles subméridiennes induisant une subsidence localisée en début d’ouverture. Cette subsidence devient plus régionale en fin d’histoire. Un grenat mangane- sifère est associé aux minéraux du faciès schistes verts, des blastes d’andalousite recoupent l’ensemble. Cette association minéralogique indique un gradient de température de 50°C/km. Ce gradient est semblable au gradient estimé dans le bassin sur la matière organique. La schistosité porte trois familles de linéation : 1- une famille à biotite-chlorite-quartz, orientée N45 ± 20° et associée à la mise en place des nappes cévenoles; 2- une famille à minéraux phylliteux dont l’orientation est située autour de N90 et associée à l’ouverture du bassin; 3- une famille à minéraux phylliteux orientée NO horizontale sur des plans de schistosité redressés près de la faille de Villefort. La schistosité régionale est affectée par des plis asymétriques, des bandes de cisaillement et des zones cata- clasées, le tout ayant une cinématique en faille normale vers l’Est. Les relations entre ces différentes structures suggèrent un continuum de déformation depuis des niveaux ductiles jusqu’à des niveaux fragiles. Le remplissage du bassin est affecté par des décrochements parallèles à la faille de Ville- fort. Le bassin des Cévennes s’est donc ouvert dans un contexte extensif est-ouest sur une croûte épaissie. La région a ensuite été reprise par des décrochements nord-sud dont celui de Villefort.  相似文献   

Changes of cloud microphysical properties during the transition from supercooled to mixed-phase conditions during CIME     

Stephan Mertes  Alfons Schwarzenbck  Paolo Laj  Wolfram Wobrock  Jean-Marc Pichon  Giordano Orsi  Jost Heintzenberg 《Atmospheric Research》2001,58(4)

A ground-based seeding experiment using carbon dioxide and propane sprayed from pressurized bottles was carried out under supercooled cloud conditions on a small spatial and short time scale. Water vapor deposition on the artificially generated dry ice and propane ice germs as the main ice formation process (nucleation and growth) is consistent with the experimental results. After nucleation, diffusional growth of the ice particles, partly at the expense of evaporating small droplets, was identified during the mixing of the seeding line with the ambient supercooled cloud. Within the seeding plume, ice water contents up to 80% of the total condensed water are observed, although the size of the formed ice particles did not exceed 25 μm. From the changes of the ice and supercooled liquid phase with time under mixed-phase conditions, liquid water content (LWC) evaporation, ice water content (IWC) formation, and ice crystal growth rates are estimated, which are not affected by the artificial nucleation process. Thus, these rates are assessed to be applicable for a growing ice phase of small ice particles in a young mixed-phase cloud, where other growth mechanisms, like riming or aggregation, are negligible.  相似文献   

Geometry and kinematics of extension in Alpine Corsica     

Laurent Jolivet  Jean-Marc Daniel  Marc Fournier 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1991,104(2-4)

The geometry of the most recent deformation in Alpine Corsica is discussed in terms of reactivation of thrusts as normal faults and crustal extension, following crustal thickening in late Cretaceous and Eocene time. A cross section interpreted in terms of obduction in previous works is shown here to be a result of ductile and brittle extension in late Oligocene and Early Miocene time. This new interpretation is based on field observations of the brittle and ductile structures and their relations to the metamorphic history in the Tenda-col de Teghime and Centuri regions, as well as additional observations in other parts of Alpine Corsica. The following geological features are observed: (1) The recent deformation was partly achieved during a top-to-the-east ductile shear close to the brittle-ductile transition and was later superimposed by brittle shear indicating a transition in time from ductile to brittle regime. (2) Extensional brittle structures in the Early Miocene Saint Florent limestone and sense of tilt are compatible with the eastward sense of shear observed in the ductile rocks. (3) The movement along major “thrust” contacts is associated with retrograde metamorphism which overprinted the early high-P-low-T paragenesis at less severe P-T conditions. They also bring tectonic units with contrasted metamorphic evolutions into close contacts. (4) There is a regional correlation between retromorphosis and recent deformation since the high-P-low-T paragenesis are better preserved in southern of Alpine Corsica where the recent deformation is less pervasive. (5) Highly non-coaxial deformation is localized along east-dipping shear zones close to brittle normal faults which bounds tilted Miocene basins; in between the geometry is more symmetric and the finite strain therefore more coaxial. (6) Late extensional brittle structures are observed at many sites in the metamorphic rocks. In the present paper we discussed these first-order observations and describe the geometry of crustal extension in Alpine Corsica. We analyze the progressive formation of a crustal-scale tilted block in Cap Corse and propose that the normal faults are localized by asymmetric boudinage of the crust. The asymmetry of this crustal-scale boudinage is controlled by the position of early thrust planes.  相似文献   

Effects of scattered solar radiation and absorption by SO₂ on the photodissociation processes in the stratosphere of Venus     

Jean-Paul Parisot  Guy Moreels  Jean-Marc Zucconi 《Icarus》1980,44(3):640-650

In the stratosphere of Venus, the available luminous flux which locally produces the photodissociation processes at a given altitude may be divided into three parts: direct incoming downward flux, flux resulting from the reflection on the surface of the clouds, and flux due to molecular scattering. A relatively simple computation method has been used to evaluate the relative importance of these three parts at altitudes between 65 and 100 km. It is shown that the extra contribution of the reflected and scattered fluxes to photodissociation processes cannot be neglected in the uv and visible regions. In the case of SO₂, for instance, which presents an absorption band in the uv, the photodissociation coefficient is increased 30% due to these effects. Calculations of the photodissociation coefficients of CO₂, O₃, H₂S, and SO₂ are presented. As a result of the increase by 60% in the ozone photolysis rate, the calculated O₂ infrared band at 1.27 μm is larger by a factor of nearly 2 than is expected from a calculation without taking albedo or scattering into account.  相似文献   

Long-term fluctuations in the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean bluefin tuna population   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

Ravier  Christelle; Fromentin  Jean-Marc 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2001,58(6):1299-1317

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The Gambia River estuary: A reference point for estuarine fish assemblages studies in West Africa   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  

Monique Simier  Charline Laurent  Jean-Marc Ecoutin  Jean-Jacques Albaret 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2006,69(3-4):615

The Gambia River is one of the last aquatic ecosystems in West Africa that has not yet been affected by strong environmental changes and human disturbances. In contrast to the neighbouring Casamance and Sine Saloum estuaries, the Gambia estuary is free of major climatic perturbation and remains a “normal” estuary, with a salinity range from freshwater to 39. The present paper aims to study the spatial and seasonal variability of fish assemblages in this estuary in terms of bio-ecological categories and of their relation with some environmental variables. Four surveys were conducted, from June 2001 to April 2002, in order to cover the major hydroclimatic events, at 44 sampling sites along the lower, intermediate and upper zones of the Gambia estuary (up to 220 km). Fish assemblages were sampled using a purse seine net, fish were identified to species level and environmental variables such as water depth, transparency, salinity, temperature and percentage oxygen saturation were measured. The main spatial structure of the fish assemblages and its seasonal changes were first studied using the STATIS-CoA multitable method. The combination of fish assemblages and environmental variables was then analysed using the STATICO method, designed for the simultaneous analysis of paired ecological tables. A total of 67 species were observed, belonging to all bio-ecological categories characterizing West African estuaries. The marine component of the community was largely dominant throughout the estuary, while the freshwater component was permanently observed only in the upstream zone. The main spatial structure was a longitudinal gradient contrasting marine and freshwater affinity assemblages, with strong seasonal variations. The most complete gradient was observed in December, at the beginning of the dry and cool season, while in June, at the end of the dry and warm season, there was the least structured gradient. The role of salinity, always correlated with temperature, was emphasized, while turbidity appeared to be another important factor. Oxygen and depth did not play a major role at the estuary scale. The relative importance of the bio-ecological categories varied according to the season and the distance to sea. Stable fish assemblages were observed in the lower zone at the end of the dry season, in the upper zone during the flood and in the middle zone throughout the year. In some situations, a relative inadequacy between fish assemblages and their environment was noticed. The present study contributes to the definition of the functioning of a “normal” West African estuary, the Gambia estuary, with balanced effects of marine and freshwater influences and the presence of all bio-ecological categories. The Gambia estuary can therefore be considered to be a reference ecosystem for further comparisons with other tropical estuarine ecosystems, subjected to natural or artificial perturbations.  相似文献   

Adaptation of the optimal fingerprint method for climate change detection using a well-conditioned covariance matrix estimate   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  

Aurélien Ribes  Jean-Marc Azaïs  Serge Planton 《Climate Dynamics》2009,33(5):707-722

The “optimal fingerprint” method, usually used for detection and attribution studies, requires to know, or, in practice, to estimate the covariance matrix of the internal climate variability. In this work, a new adaptation of the “optimal fingerprints” method is presented. The main goal is to allow the use of a covariance matrix estimate based on an observation dataset in which the number of years used for covariance estimation is close to the number of observed time series. Our adaptation is based on the use of a regularized estimate of the covariance matrix, that is well-conditioned, and asymptotically more precise, in the sense of the mean square error. This method is shown to be more powerful than the basic “guess pattern fingerprint”, and than the classical use of a pseudo-inverted truncation of the empirical covariance matrix. The construction of the detection test is achieved by using a bootstrap technique particularly well-suited to estimate the internal climate variability in real world observations. In order to validate the efficiency of the detection algorithm with climate data, the methodology presented here is first applied with pseudo-observations derived from transient regional climate change scenarios covering the 1960–2099 period. It is then used to perform a formal detection study of climate change over France, analyzing homogenized observed temperature series from 1900 to 2006. In this case, the estimation of the covariance matrix is only based on a part of the observation dataset. This new approach allows the confirmation and extension of previous results regarding the detection of an anthropogenic climate change signal over the country.  相似文献