Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research Bibliographic Review 2008     

Klaus Peter Jochum  Stefanie M. Brueckner  Uwe Nohl  Brigitte Stoll  Ulrike Weis 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2009,33(4):501-505

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Increase of carbon dioxide in the bottom water of the Weddell Sea, Antarctica     

Mario Hoppema  Eberhard Fahrbach  Michel H. C. Stoll  Hein J. W. de Baar   《Marine Chemistry》1998,59(3-4)

High precision total CO₂ (TCO₂) data are presented from the NW Weddell Sea obtained during two cruises which were 3 years apart. A TCO₂ increase from 1993 to 1996 was observed in the newly formed bottom water, whereas no TCO₂ increase was found in the surrounding water masses. Accompanying this TCO₂ increase in the bottom water was an oxygen decrease. Obviously, bottom water with variable characteristics is produced along the margins of the Weddell Sea. Examination of possible causes leads to the conclusion that the bottom water variability is largely due to varying amounts of Warm Deep Water intruding onto the shelves of the Weddell Sea, thus changing the shelf water end-member of bottom water formation. Analysis of the data, using the observed differences of oxygen to perform a correction, suggested that some part of the TCO₂ increase of the bottom water is due to the increased level of anthropogenic CO₂. The TCO₂ increase of the bottom water is commensurate to a tentative annual increase of about 1 μmol kg⁻¹ in the surface water source of this bottom water. This would agree fairly well with the increase of the partial pressure of CO₂ in the atmosphere.  相似文献   

Modelling galaxy clustering at high redshift     

Lauro Moscardini  Peter Coles  Francesco Lucchin  & Sabino Matarrese 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,299(1):95-110

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Seafloor Properties From Penetrometer Tests   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Stoll  D.. Yue-Feng Sun Bitte  I.. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2007,32(1):57-63

Quasi-static and freely falling dynamic penetrometers are currently in extensive use for measuring the mechanical properties of sediments composing the littoral seafloor. Sediments in this zone are often inhomogeneous both laterally and with depth so that it is difficult to predict burial of mines and other objects when relying on models that assume uniform, homogeneous sediment. The results of penetrometer tests discussed in this paper show that there can be a wide spread in the penetration resistance that is measured depending on the degree of sediment inhomogeneity and the rate of penetration. Moreover, the dilative response of granular strata appears to further complicate matters because of the sudden, large changes in shear strength that can occur. As a result, mine burial models currently in use, which often rely on simple strain-rate factors and shear strength determined from experiments utilizing uniform, reconstituted sediment, do not appear to be adequate to handle real in situ conditions in many cases. The objective of this paper is to obtain a better understanding of in situ properties and how they may be incorporated into various burial models.  相似文献   

An Automated Iridium-Strip Heater for LA-ICP-MS Bulk Analysis of Geological Samples   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Brigitte Stoll  Klaus Peter Jochum  Kirstin Herwig  Marghaleray Amini  Michael Flanz  Berthold Kreuzburg  Dmitry Kuzmin  Matthias Willbold  Jacinta Enzweiler 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2008,32(1):5-26

In this paper we describe a flux‐free fusion technique for the highly precise LA‐ICP‐MS bulk analysis of geological samples. For this purpose we have developed an automated iridium‐strip heater with temperature and melt time control. To optimise the homogeneity of the fused glasses and to reduce possible depletion of volatile elements during melting, we undertook experiments with basaltic rock and glass powders using different melting temperatures (1300–1700 °C) and melting times (5‐80 s). Major and trace element microanalysis was performed using EPMA and LA‐ICP‐MS. Homogeneous glasses were obtained for temperatures ≥ 1500 °C and melting times ≥ 10 s. High loss (20‐90%) of highly volatile elements (e.g., Cs, Ge, Sn, Pb) was observed for high melting temperatures (≥ 1600 °C) and long melting times (80 s). Standard melting conditions (1600 °C, 10 s) represent a compromise, as the glasses were homogeneous with respect to major and trace elements and, at the same time, were not depleted in elements with condensation temperatures (at a pressure of 10^?4 bar) higher than about 900 K (e.g., Zr, Hf, Ba, Sr, REE, U, Mo, Ni, Rb, Ga). Several international geological reference materials with SiO₂ ranging between 47% m/m and 59% m/m were prepared using our standard melting conditions (1600 °C, 10 s) and subsequently analysed by LA‐ICP‐MS. These samples also include the new Brazilian basaltic reference material BRP‐1. Matrix‐matched calibration of the LA‐ICP‐MS data was performed using the basaltic reference glasses KL2‐G, ML3B‐G, BCR‐2G and BHVO‐2G. Most analytical data agreed within uncertainty at the 95% confidence level with the GeoReM preferred values published in the GeoReM database for reference materials of geological and environmental interest. To demonstrate routine bulk LA‐ICP‐MS analyses of geochemical and cosmochemical samples using the whole rock fusion technique, we also present trace element data for ocean island basalts from Lanai (Hawaii) and of Martian meteorites.  相似文献   

Heterogeneity and homogeneity of Southern Brazilian beaches: A morphodynamic and statistical approach     

Pedro de Souza Pereira  Lauro Júlio Calliari  Rodrigo do Carmo Barletta 《Continental Shelf Research》2010,30(3-4):270-280

The characterization and beach morphodynamic differentiation along 620 km of Rio Grande do Sul state (RS) coastline has been principally done using beach profiles and their resulting morphometric parameters from the early 1990s through the present. The objective of the present work is to make a regional characterization, grouping the beaches with similar morphodynamic behavior along the RS coastline using multivariate statistical tools. For such purpose, a database containing topographic profiles and environment characteristics of 32 sites along the state coastline was built. A clustering analysis followed by a multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis and an analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) was performed. The clustering and MDS results suggest that the data could be merged into six groups, one with dissipative tendencies, another with intermediate to reflective tendencies and three groups with intermediate characteristics. Each group showed distinct morphodynamic characteristics. Such differences are shown by the ANOSIM to be statistically significant. The three intermediate groups were differentiated in terms of beach mobility and percentage of medium-size sand, with higher mobility related to higher amounts of medium-size sand. The use of multivariate statistical techniques allowed a good differentiation between the RS beaches. Based on the results, it is suggested that the RS coastline can be segmented into seven different morphodynamic sectors. This approach can be used by management agencies to reduce potential oil spill impacts as well as decrease other beach hazards as well as for differentiate morphodynamical stages.  相似文献   

Paleoproterozoic bimodal post-collisional magmatism in the southwestern Amazonian Craton,Mato Grosso,Brazil: Geochemistry and isotopic evidence     

Márcia Aparecida de Sant Ana Barros  Farid Chemale Júnior  Lauro Valentim Stoll Nardi  Evandro F. Lima 《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2009,27(1):11-23

This paper discusses geological and geochemical aspects of a Paleoproterozoic volcano-plutonic association that crops out in southwestern Amazonian Craton, Mato Grosso, Brazil. The study area was divided into undeformed and deformed domains, based on structural and geochronology studies. The undeformed domain is composed mainly of felsic explosive and effusive flows. Inter-layered mafic flows of basalts and sedimentary rocks are also present. The deformed domain is mainly composed of titanite and hornblende-bearing monzogranite to syenogranite and biotite monzogranite, while granodiorite is less common. U–Pb single zircon analyses yielded ages of 1.8–1.75 Ga in granites and felsic volcanic rocks for both domains. Basalts from the undeformed domain are phaneritic, fine-grained, and are often hydrothermally altered. They show tholeiitic affinity and are LREE enriched. Their trace element composition resembles those of within-plate associations. The ε_Nd (t = 1.75 Ga) for all these rocks are positive, ranging from 0.12 to 1.49, which reflect a juvenile source. The felsic volcanism comprises subalkaline rocks with high K contents and is divided into two groups: crystal enriched ignimbrites and effusive rhyolites. REE patterns of effusive rocks show negative-Eu anomalies and are smooth in the ignimbrites. Trace element patterns similar to those of the effusive rocks and ignimbrites are found in magmatic rocks derived from sources affected by subduction-related metasomatism. Hornblende and biotite granites occur in the deformed felsic plutonic domain. These rocks show evidence of low-temperature metamorphism and deformation, and in some places, of hydrothermal alteration. The LREE/Nb (or Ta) ratios of these rocks are consistent with those observed in granites of post-collisional settings. The ε_Nd (t = 1.75 Ga) values are slightly negative on average, with few positive values (?1.41 to +2.96). These data are interpreted as indicative of a magmatism produced during a post-collisional event from mixed sources: a metasomatised mantle and a Paleoproterozoic continental crust. An intracontinental shearing with age of 1.7–1.66 Ga created the Teles Pires–Juruena lineament which partially controlled this magmatism.  相似文献   

Identification of soil redistribution using 137Cs for characterizing landslide-prone areas: a case study in Sarno-Quindici,Italy     

G. Buccheri  E. De Lauro  S. De Martino  M. Esposito  M. Falanga  C. Fontanella 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,72(6):2129-2140

Debris flows are among the most hazardous and unpredictable processes whose hazard evaluation requires an understanding of the processes that govern sediment supply, sediment bulking, flow volume, and deposition. In line with this challenge, we estimate the net soil redistribution rates in an area characterized by recurrent instability phenomena using ¹³⁷Cs as a tracer for monitoring soil dynamics. An extension of this method by applying it to the case of major landslides is addressed. Specifically, surveys of soil ¹³⁷Cs content at sites in the Pizzo d’Alvano massif (Italy), where a set of particularly damaging landslides occurred on 5–6 May 1998, are reported. Being this region prone to debris flows, two zero-order basins are examined, one of which experienced a landslide event. In that basin deposition is observed, whereas the other shows a net loss of soil. These results appear to be relevant, particularly because the rate of hollow filling could be correlated with the magnitude and/or frequency of debris flow occurrence or with some measure of the hazard presented by individual gullies.  相似文献   

Turbulence in Sparse, Organized Vegetative Canopies: A Large-Eddy Simulation Study   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Brian N. Bailey  Rob Stoll 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2013,147(3):369-400

A large-eddy simulation study was performed to characterize turbulence in sparse, row-oriented canopies. This was accomplished by simulating a set of heterogeneous row-oriented canopies with varying row vegetation density and spacing. To determine the effects of heterogeneity, results were compared to horizontally homogeneous canopies with an equivalent ‘effective’ leaf area index. By using a proper effective leaf area index, plane-averaged mean velocities and bulk scaling parameters contained only small errors when heterogeneity was ignored. However, many cases had significantly larger second- and third-order velocity moments in the presence of heterogeneity. Some heterogeneous canopies also contained dispersive fluxes in the lower canopy that were over 20 % as large as the turbulent flux. Impacts of heterogeneity were most pronounced in the cases of large row leaf area density and widely spaced rows. Despite the substantial amount of open space in the sparse canopies, vertical velocity skewness and quadrant-hole analysis indicated that the flow behaved predominantly as a canopy layer even though integral length scales at the canopy top no longer followed mixing-layer scaling. This was supported by the fact that similar composite-averaged coherent structures could be readily identified in both the heterogeneous and homogeneous canopies. Heterogeneity had an effect on coherent structures, in that structure detection events were most likely to occur just upwind of the vegetation rows. In simulations with large row spacing, these structures also penetrated deeper into the canopy when compared to the equivalent homogeneous canopy.  相似文献   

Water-level oscillations in the Adriatic Sea as coherent self-oscillations inferred by independent component analysis     

P. Capuano  E. De Lauro  S. De Martino  M. Falanga 《Progress in Oceanography》2011,91(4):447-460

We analyze tide gauge records at four stations of the ISPRA network located in the Adriatic Sea basin (Eastern Italy), namely, going from North to South: Trieste, Ancona, Ortona and Otranto. We use linear and nonlinear methods in the frequency and time domains, including spectral and Independent Component Analysis (ICA), inter-times occurrence, and phase space embedding dimension evaluation. We show that four tidal constituents can be extracted by ICA and interpreted as coherent self-sustained oscillations. Finally, we show that these constituents can be reproduced by adopting a simple nonlinear oscillatory model that generalizes classical Andronov oscillator with the inclusion of a time dependent pumping.  相似文献