Practical Use of Computationally Frugal Model Analysis Methods          下载免费PDF全文

Mary C. Hill  Dmitri Kavetski  Martyn Clark  Ming Ye  Mazdak Arabi  Dan Lu  Laura Foglia  Steffen Mehl 《Ground water》2016,54(2):159-170

Three challenges compromise the utility of mathematical models of groundwater and other environmental systems: (1) a dizzying array of model analysis methods and metrics make it difficult to compare evaluations of model adequacy, sensitivity, and uncertainty; (2) the high computational demands of many popular model analysis methods (requiring 1000's, 10,000 s, or more model runs) make them difficult to apply to complex models; and (3) many models are plagued by unrealistic nonlinearities arising from the numerical model formulation and implementation. This study proposes a strategy to address these challenges through a careful combination of model analysis and implementation methods. In this strategy, computationally frugal model analysis methods (often requiring a few dozen parallelizable model runs) play a major role, and computationally demanding methods are used for problems where (relatively) inexpensive diagnostics suggest the frugal methods are unreliable. We also argue in favor of detecting and, where possible, eliminating unrealistic model nonlinearities—this increases the realism of the model itself and facilitates the application of frugal methods. Literature examples are used to demonstrate the use of frugal methods and associated diagnostics. We suggest that the strategy proposed in this paper would allow the environmental sciences community to achieve greater transparency and falsifiability of environmental models, and obtain greater scientific insight from ongoing and future modeling efforts.  相似文献   

Eocene post-rift tectonostratigraphy of the Rockall Plateau, Atlantic margin of NW Britain: Linking early spreading tectonics and passive margin response     

Martyn S. Stoker  Geoffrey S. Kimbell 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2012,30(1):98-125

A regional study of the Eocene succession in the UK sector of the Rockall Plateau has yielded new insights into the early opening history of the NE Atlantic continental margin. Data acquired from British Geological Survey borehole 94/3, on the Rockall High, provides a high-resolution record of post-rift, Early to Mid-Eocene, subaqueous fan-delta development and sporadic volcanic activity, represented by pillow lavas, tuffs and subaerial lavas. This sequence correlates with the East Rockall Wedge, which is one of several prograding sediment wedges identified across the Rockall Plateau whose development was largely terminated in the mid-Lutetian. Linking the biostratigraphical data with the magnetic anomaly pattern in the adjacent ocean basin indicates that this switch-off in fan-delta sedimentation and volcanism was coincident with the change from a segmented/transform margin to a continuously spreading margin during chron C21. However, late-stage easterly prograding sediment wedges developed on the Hatton High during late Mid- to Late Eocene times; these can only have been sourced from the Hatton High, which was developing as an anticline during this interval. This deformation occurred in response to Mid- to Late Eocene compression along the ocean margin, possibly associated with the reorganisation to oblique spreading in the Iceland Basin, which culminated at the end of the Eocene with the formation of the North Hatton Anticline, and the deformation (tilting) of these wedges. A series of intra-Eocene unconformities, of which the mid-Lutetian unconformity is the best example, has been traced from the Rockall Plateau to the Faroe-Shetland region and onto the Greenland conjugate margin bordering the early ocean basin. Whilst there appears to be some correlation with 3rd order changes in eustatic sea level, it is clear from this study that tectonomagmatic processes related to changes in spreading directions between Greenland and Eurasia, and/or mantle thermal perturbations cannot be discounted.  相似文献   

Finite element computation of shape factors for Kirkham's piezometer tube method for hydraulic conductivity of saturated soil     

McD. James  B. Brown  Martyn P. Hodgson 《水文研究》1988,2(3):219-225

The Kirkham piezometer tube method of measuring hydraulic conductivity of saturated soil uses a numerical constant (shape factor) to account for the relative geometrical parameters of the cavity and the soil domain. Published shape factors have mostly been determined using an electrical analogue. In this paper the application of the finite element method to shape factor determination is considered. Convergence is studied and methods of extrapolation evaluated. A determination is made of the size of finite region required to represent adequately the radially unbounded domain assumed for the piezometer method. Computed shape factors were found to be in good agreement with analogue data.  相似文献   

Shear localisation in upper mantle peridotites     

Martyn R. Drury  Reinoud L. M. Vissers  Dirk Van der Wal  Eilard H. Hoogerduijn Strating 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1991,137(4):439-460

Upper mantle peridotite bodies at the earth's surface contain relict structures and microstructures which provide direct information on the role and the mechanisms of shear localisation in the upper mantle. Deformation which occurred at high temperatures (T>950±50°C) is relatively homogeneous within domains ranging in scale from a few kilometres to a few tens of kilometres. Below 950±50°C strain is localised into centimetre to several hundred metre wide shear zones which commonly contain hydrated mylonitic peridotites. The microstructures developed in the peridotites suggest there is a correlation between the occurrence of shear localisation and the occurrence of strain softening and brittle deformation processes. The most important strain softening processes are inferred to be structural and reaction induced softening. Structural softening processes include dynamic recrystallisation and strain-induced transitions from dislocation creep to some form of grain-size-sensitive (GSS) creep. Reaction induced softening is related to the formation of fine grained polyphase reaction products which deform by GSS creep and the formation of weak sheet silicates such as phlogopite, chlorite, talc and antigorite. From experimental studies these softening processes and brittle deformation processes are inferred to occur mainly at temperatures less than about 910±160°C. This temperature range is inferred to be a significant rheological transition in the upper mantle. Below 910±160°C deformation during orogenesis may be accommodated by an anastomosing network of hydrated mylonitic shear zones with a distinct, perhaps weak, rheology. At higher temperatures strain is accommodated in much wider deformation zones.On the scale of the lithosphere the degree of localisation may be different to that determined at the scale of the periodotite massif. An anastomosing network of hundred metre wide mylonitic shear zones forming 0.05–0.3 by volume fraction of the mantle lithosphere atT<950°C could accommodate inhomogeneous or homogeneous bulk deformation depending on the spatial distribution and ordering of the mylonite zones. The higher temperature deformation at deeper levels in the mantle could be markedly inhomogeneous being concentrated in shear zones with widths in the range of 2–20 km, alternatively these zones may widen significantly during deformation, resulting in a decrease in the degree of localisation with increasing bulk strain.  相似文献   

Lithofacies modelling and sequence stratigraphy in microtidal cool-water carbonates: a case study from the Pleistocene of Sicily, Italy   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Martyn Pedley    Mario Grasso† 《Sedimentology》2002,49(3):533-553

ABSTRACT Quaternary carbonates in SE Sicily were deposited in seamount and short ramp settings during glacio‐eustatically driven highstand conditions. They provide an excellent opportunity to investigate the depositional and erosional aspects of cool‐water carbonate sedimentation in a microtidal marine water body. The derived ramp facies model differs significantly from modern‐day, open‐ocean ramp scenarios in projected facies depth ranges and in the preservation of inshore facies. A sequence stratigraphic study of the carbonates has confirmed many established aspects of carbonate sedimentation (e.g. production usually only occurred during highstands). It has also revealed several new features peculiar to water bodies with little tidal influence, including ‘catch‐up’ surfaces taking the place of transgressive facies, second‐order sequence boundary events being most important as triggers for initiating resedimentation and a virtual absence of sediment shedding to the basin during the terminal lowstand. Production in the carbonate factory lasted for about 0·5 Myr. Despite this, carbonate production was considerable and included both bioconstructional and bioclastic‐dominated facies and the production of abundant lime muds. A model for eustatically controlled cool‐water carbonate production and resedimentation in microtidal marine water bodies is presented. This is considered to be more applicable to Neogene and Quaternary strata in the Mediterranean region than are current open‐ocean models.  相似文献   

The influence of rock strength and abrasive mineral content on the Cerchar Abrasive Index     

S.I. Al-Ameen  M.D. Waller 《Engineering Geology》1994,36(3-4):293-301

The Cerchar abrasive index is based on a simple test and is widely used to assess the abrasiveness of rocks. Detailed examination of the test has shown that the index is largely influenced by the rock strength, and only partially by the rock abrasiveness. The standard test was found to be incapable of providing accurate indices for rocks of low relative abrasiveness and a modification to the test is presented to overcome this problem. The interpretation of the test results has been extended to enable calculation of the specific wear rate which is a more precise measure of the abrasiveness of materials.  相似文献   

The first fossil Compsocidae from Cretaceous Burmese amber (Insecta, Psocoptera, Troctomorpha)     

A. Nel  A. Waller 《Cretaceous Research》2007,28(6):1039-1041

The first fossil record of the Compsocidae, Burmacompsocus perreaui gen. et sp. nov., is described from Late Albian Burmese amber. Its strong similarity to the two extant compsocid genera suggests a remarkable morphological stability within this group of 100 Ma. This family, now known only in Central America, was certainly more widespread in the past.  相似文献   

西藏高原中南部地壳与上地幔导电性结构   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

叶高峰  金胜  魏文博 《地球科学》2007,32(4):491-498

根据2001年国土资源部"十五"青藏专项研究计划项目"西藏高原南部岩石圈电性结构的大地电磁研究"所完成的吉隆-措勤剖面(800线)以及2004年教育部重大项目"藏南雅鲁藏布江缝合带地区地壳三维电性结构及其构造地质学与动力学意义的研究"所完成的定日-措迈剖面(900线)超宽频带大地电磁测深数据,研究西藏高原中南部地壳及上地幔电性结构特征及雅鲁藏布江缝合带导电性结构特征:800线和900线上地壳范围内主要为高阻区,电阻率在200~3000Ω.m之间,顶面大范围出露,底面一般在15~20km深度处,整体上,高阻区底面由南向北逐渐加深,再向北又逐渐变浅,900线高阻体底界深达30km,而800线高阻体底界更深达38km;地下15~45km深度范围内存在一组电性梯度带,该电性梯度带之下存在一组硕大的高导层,其电阻率小于5Ω.m,高导层由规模不等且不连续的高导体构成.雅鲁藏布江以南的中地壳高导体,规模较小,厚度在10km左右,产状略向北倾;雅鲁藏布江以北的高导体,规模较大,厚度在30km左右,产状向北缓倾;相比之下,900线的高导体厚度较小,顶面深度较浅.通过对岩石电阻率影响因素的讨论,推测高导体的成因是部分熔融或含水流体,判断藏南巨厚的中、下地壳的物质状态是热的、软弱的、塑性的.  相似文献   

Features of faults in the central and northern Tibetan plateau based on results of INDEPTH (III)-MT     

Wei Wenbo  Jin Sheng  Ye Gaofeng  Deng Ming  Tan Handong  Martyn Unsworth  John Booker  Alan G. Jones  Li Shenghui 《Frontiers of Earth Science》2007,1(1):121-128

The features of the faults in the central and northern Tibetan plateau are discussed, based on two super-wide band magnetotelluric (MT) sounding profiles belonging to the INDEPTH (III)-MT project, which were finished between 1998 and 1999: one is from Deqing to Longweicuo (named line 500), the other is from Naqu to Golmud (line 600). This work assists research on the collision and subduction mode between the India and Asia plates. The MT results show that there is a series of deep faults, F1 to F10, in the central and northern Tibetan plateau. Of these faults, F2 is an earlier main fault which leans to the north, and F1 is a later main overriding fault. The Jiali deep fault zone, which has a very complex space structure, is composed of these two faults. F3, F4 and F5 are super-deep faults. They are high-angle faults and lean a little to the south. The main fault zone of the Bangong-Nujiang suture is composed of these three faults. Because of later activity in the structure, several shallow faults formed in the upper crust within the Bangong-Nujiang suture. The Tanggula fault zone is composed of two main faults, F6 and F7, and a series of sub-faults. The shallow segments of the main faults are in high angles and the deep segments of main faults are in low angles. These two faults generally lean to the south and extend into the lower crust. The Jinshajiang suture is composed of the Jinshajiang fault (F8) and the Kekexili fault (F9), and there is a series of sub-faults in the upper crust between these two faults. The Jinshajiang suture is a very wide suture caused by continent-continent collision. The Middle Kunlun fault (F10), which is the main structure of the Kunlun fault zone, is a high angle, super-deep fault. It is the north boundary of the Songpan-Ganzi-Kekexili block. Based on the conductive structure of the profile, the southern part of the Middle Kunlun fault belongs to the Tibetan plateau, but it is not certain whether the northern part of the Middle Kunlun fault belongs to the Tibetan plateau. There are conductive bodies stretching from the crust into the upper mantle below the Bangong-Nujiang suture and Jinshajiang suture. This may suggest heat exchange between the crust and mantle. Translated from Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences, 2006, 31(2): 257–265 [译自: 地球科学—中国地质大学学报]  相似文献   

Conductivity and Resistivity in Skew Conductors     

D. F. Martyn 《Geophysical Journal International》1968,15(1-2):91-92

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