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101.
The ocean signal for this study is the sea surface height due to the slowly varying (greater than 5-day) ocean processes, which are predominantly the deep ocean mesoscale. These processes are the focus of present assimilation systems for monitoring and predicting ocean circulation due to ocean fronts and eddies and the associated environmental changes that impact real time activities in areas with depths greater than about 200 m. By this definition, signal-to-noise may be estimated directly from altimeter data sets through a crossover point analysis. The RMS variability in crossover differences is due to instrument noise, errors in environmental corrections to the satellite observation, and short time period oceanic variations. The signal-to-noise ratio indicates that shallow areas are typically not well observed due to the high frequency fluctuations. Many deep ocean areas also contain significant high frequency variability such as the subpolar latitudes, which have large atmospheric pressure systems moving through, and these in turn generate large errors in the inverse barometer correction. Understanding the spatial variations of signal to noise is a necessary prerequisite for correct assimilation of the data into operational systems. 相似文献
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All major ocean tide constituents are aliased into signals with periods less than 90 days from TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry, except the K1 constituent. The aliased K1 has a period of 173 days. Consequently, it might be confounded with height variations caused by the semiannual cycle having a period of 183 days.The correlation between K1 and the semiannual signal has been investigated both locally and globally using combinations of T/P, ERS-1 and GEOSAT observations. Subsequently, two empirical methods have been investigated to improve the mapping of K1 from multiple satellites.At high latitudes, where the presence of crossing tracks cannot separate K1 from the semiannual signal from TOPEX/POSEIDON, the importance of including ERS-1 and GEOSAT observations was demonstrated. A comparison with 29 pelagic and coastal tide gauges in the Southern Ocean south of 50°S gave 5.59 (M2), 2.27 (S2) and 5.04 (K1) cm RMS agreement for FES95.1 ocean tide model. The same comparison for the best empirical estimated constituents based on TOPEX/POSEIDON + ERS-1 + GEOSAT gave 4.32, 2.21, and 4.29 cm for M2, S2 and K1, respectively. 相似文献
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IVS contribution to ITRF2014 总被引:5,自引:4,他引:1
107.
The outer coast of Finnmark in northern Norway is where the former Fennoscandian and Barents Sea ice sheets coalesced. This key area for isostatic modelling and deglaciation history of the ice sheets has abundant raised shorelines, but only a few existing radiocarbon dates constrain their chronology. Here we present three Holocene sea level curves based on radiocarbon dated deposits from isolation basins at the outermost coast of Finnmark; located at the islands Sørøya and Rolvsøya and at the Nordkinn peninsula. We analysed animal and plant remains in the basin deposits to identify the transitions between marine and lacustrine sediments. Terrestrial plant fragments from these transitions were then radiocarbon dated. Radiocarbon dated mollusk shells and marine macroalgae from the lowermost deposits in several basins suggest that the first land at the outer coast became ice free around 14,600 cal yr BP. We find that the gradients of the shorelines are much lower than elsewhere along the Norwegian coast because of substantial uplift of the Barents Sea. Also, the anomalously high elevation of the marine limit in the region can be attributed to uplift of the adjacent seafloor. After the Younger Dryas the coast emerged 1.6–1.0 cm per year until about 9500–9000 cal yr BP. Between 9000 and 7000 cal yr BP relative sea level rose 2–4 m and several of the studied lakes became submerged. At the outermost locality Rolvsøya, relative sea level was stable at the transgression highstand for more than 3000 years, between ca 8000 and 5000 cal yr BP. Deposits in five of the studied lakes were disturbed by the Storegga tsunami ca 8200–8100 cal yr BP. 相似文献
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J. Ole Kaven Stephen H. Hickman Nicholas C. Davatzes Ovunc Mutlu 《Computational Geosciences》2012,16(3):613-624
Frictional sliding on quasi-statically deforming faults and fractures can be modeled efficiently using a linear complementarity
formulation. We review the formulation in two dimensions and expand the formulation to three-dimensional problems including
problems of orthotropic friction. This formulation accurately reproduces analytical solutions to static Coulomb friction sliding
problems. The formulation accounts for opening displacements that can occur near regions of non-planarity even under large
confining pressures. Such problems are difficult to solve owing to the coupling of relative displacements and tractions; thus,
many geomechanical problems tend to neglect these effects. Simple test cases highlight the importance of including friction
and allowing for opening when solving quasi-static fault mechanics models. These results also underscore the importance of
considering the effects of non-planarity in modeling processes associated with crustal faulting. 相似文献
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Studies of lake sediments on Sejerø in southern Kattegat indicate a treeless arctic environment with the dwarf shrub Salix polaris, herbs and wetland mosses. The mean July temperature was around 8 to 10°C. An AMS radiocarbon age determination of a Salix twig yielded an age of around 36 000 14C yr BP, which is in accordance with previous conventional dating of bulk sediment samples. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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