The impact of flow discharge on the hydraulic characteristics of headcut erosion processes in the gully region of the Loess Plateau     

Qianhua Shi  Wenlong Wang  Mingming Guo  Zhuoxin Chen  Lanqian Feng  Man Zhao  Hai Xiao 《水文研究》2020,34(3):718-729

Headcut erosion is associated with major hydraulic changes induced by the gully head of concentrated flow. However, the variation in the hydraulic characteristics of the headcut erosion process is still not clear in the gully region of the Loess Plateau. A series of rainfall combined scouring experiments (flow discharges ranging from 3.6 to 7.2 m³ hr⁻¹, with 0.8 mm min⁻¹ rainfall intensity) were conducted on experimental plots to clarify the variation in the hydraulic parameters induced by gully head and erosion processes under different flow discharges. The results showed that concentrated flows in the catchment area and gully bed were turbulent (Reynolds number ranging from 1,876 to 6,693) and transformed between supercritical and subcritical (Froude number ranging from 0.96 to 3.73). The hydraulic parameters, such as the flow velocity, Reynolds number, shear stress, stream power, Darcy–Weisbach friction factor, and unit stream power in the catchment area were 0.45–0.59 m s⁻¹, 2086–6693, 1.96–5.33 Pa, 0.89–2.86 W m⁻², 0.08–0.16, and 0.023–0.031 m s⁻¹, respectively. When the concentrated flows dropped from the gully head, the hydraulic parameters in the gully bed decreased by 3.39–26.07%, 1.49–29.99%, 65.19–67.14%, 67.25–74.96%, 28.53–61.31%, and 67.82–77.14%, respectively, which contributed to the flow energy consumption at the gully head. As flow discharge increased, Reynolds number, shear stress, and stream power increased, while flow velocity, Froude number, unit stream power, and Darcy–Weisbach friction factor did not. The flow energy consumption at the gully head was 9.66–10.13, 13.25–13.74, 15.68–16.41, and 19.28–20.25 J s⁻¹, respectively, under different flow discharges and accounted for 60.58–68.50% of the flow energy consumption of the experimental plots. Generally, the sediment discharges increased rapidly at the initial stage, then increased slowly, and finally reached a steady state condition, which showed a significant declining logarithmic trend with experimental duration (P<.01) and increased with increasing flow discharge. Accordingly, the flow energy consumption was significantly correlated with the sediment yield. These findings could improve our understanding of the hydraulic properties and flow energy characteristics of headcut erosion.  相似文献   

Entwurf einer methode zur objektiven Vorhersage der 300-MB-Fläche     

Vojtěch Vítek  Otakar Zikmunda 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1962,6(2):202-205

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Variation characteristics of CO₂ in a newly-excavated soil profile,Chinese Loess Plateau: Excavation-induced ancient soil organic carbon decomposition          下载免费PDF全文

Chao Song  Man Liu  Qiu-yao Dong  Lin Zhang  Pan Wang  Hong-yun Chen  Rong Ma 《地下水科学与工程》2022,10(1):19-32

Soils of the Chinese Loess Plateau(CLP)contain substantial amounts of soil inorganic carbon(SIC),as well as recent and ancient soil organic carbon(SOC).With the advent of the Anthropocene,human perturbation,including excavation,has increased soil CO₂ emission from the huge loess carbon pool.This study aims to determine the potential of loess CO₂ emission induced by excavation.Soil CO₂ were continuously monitored for seven years on a newly-excavated profile in the central CLP and the stable C isotope compositions of soil CO₂ and SOC were used to identify their sources.The results showed that the soil CO₂ concentrations ranged from 830μL·L^-1 to 11190μL·L^-1 with an annually reducing trend after excavation,indicating that the human excavation can induce CO₂ production in loess profile.Theδ¹³ C of CO₂ ranged from–21.27‰to–19.22‰(mean:–20.11‰),with positive deviation from top to bottom.The range of δ¹³CSOC was–24.0‰to–21.1‰with an average of–23.1‰.Theδ¹³ C-CO₂ in this study has a positive relationship with the reversed CO₂ concentration,and it is calculated that 80.22%of the soil CO₂ in this profile is from the microbial decomposition of SOC and 19.78%from the degasification during carbonate precipitation.We conclude that the human excavation can significantly enhance the decomposition of the ancient OC in loess during the first two years after perturbation,producing and releasing soil CO₂ to atmosphere.  相似文献   

Simultaneous adoption of risk management strategies to manage the catastrophic risk of maize farmers in Bangladesh     

Adnan  K. M. Mehedi  Ying  Liu  Sarker  Swati Anindita  Yu  Man  Eliw  Moataz  Sultanuzzaman  Md. Reza  Huq  Md. Enamul 《GeoJournal》2021,86(4):1981-1998

GeoJournal - Risk and uncertainty are distinctive features of agricultural cultivation, which significantly affect the production and income. Risk management is an important way for farmers to...  相似文献   

青藏高原东侧常规观测资料对WRF模式预报误差的贡献分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

王曼  段旭  李华宏  符睿  陈新梅  王康 《大气科学学报》2015,38(3):379-387

利用WRFDA-FSO(Forecast Sensitivity to Observation)系统,统计分析2009年和2010年5—10月青藏高原东侧常规地面和高空观测对WRF模式预报误差的贡献。结果表明:地面观测资料各要素中,温度场对模式预报误差贡献最大,风场、气压和水汽场的贡献相对小;四川东部、广西大部和云南南部边缘地区的资料对改进预报产生正贡献较大。高空资料各要素中,温度场对模式预报误差贡献最大,其次是水汽场,风场贡献最小;高空站资料对改进预报产生正贡献较大的区域主要分布在云南大部、贵州西部边缘和广西西北部边缘地区。依据误差统计结果,剔除对改进预报产生负贡献较大的地面和高空站资料后,模式降水和温度预报效果有所改善。  相似文献   

顾及模型误差的卡尔曼滤波相位解缠     

刘国林  闫满 《测绘科学》2012,37(2):170-172

本文提出一种顾及模型误差的卡尔曼滤波相位解缠算法,该算法在卡尔曼滤波的状态空间模型中引入一与误差因素有关的控制变量,对相位误差进行补偿,通过在解缠过程中将卡尔曼滤波增益限制在一定范围内,把误差阻遏在相当小的区域,最后对解缠相位进行卡尔曼滤波平滑操作,减少了误差的传播。分别采用仿真数据和真实InSAR数据进行实验,并与原卡尔曼滤波相位解缠结果进行对比分析,验证了本文方法的有效性。  相似文献   

黄土高原和鲁西南案例区乡村居民对全球气候变化认知   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

常跟应  黄夫朋  李曼  李国敬 《地理研究》2012,31(7):1233-1247

基于甘肃省会宁县黄河灌溉区、旱作农业区和山东省单县农业区的问卷调查,分析了案例区乡村居民对全球气候变化认知的一般特征、减缓全球气候变化的能力认知、义务认知和支付意愿及其区域和社会人口差异。研究发现:案例区乡村居民普遍关注全球气候变化,但对全球气候变化概念和发生原因的理解较肤浅。一定程度上,受访者通过当地气候变化及其影响来理解全球气候变化;受访者认为中央政府和国际组织应为减缓全球气候变化负主要责任,个人和家庭在减缓气候变化方面能力有限、支付意愿低,不同文化程度和职业受访者认知差异明显;存在原因认知决定责任者归属和能力认知、进而决定支付意愿的因果链,作者据此提出了政策建议。  相似文献   

孟湾风暴数值模拟实验及其结构特征分析     

吕林宜  段旭  王曼 《高原山地气象研究》2008,28(1):36-41

利用MM5V3中尺度数值模式对2003年5月19日登陆的盂湾风暴进行了数值模拟分析,讨论了风暴中心移动路径．分析了风暴在海上以及登陆前后的流场、动力场和热力场结构。研究结果表明,风暴中心的模拟路径与实况虽有一定误差,但总趋势均向西北偏北方向移动,表明模式对本个例的模拟预报可以参考。由于地形作用,盂湾风暴的动力结构和热力结构均发生一系列改变。  相似文献   

三峡小江回水区真光层深度及其影响因素分析   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

方芳  周红  李哲  龙曼  郭劲松  盛金萍 《水科学进展》2010,21(1):113-119

为探讨三峡水库运行初期小江回水区水体的光学特性,2007年5月~2008年5月对回水区5个断面水下光合有效辐射(PAR)与常规水质指标进行监测,分析了真光层深度的时空特征及其影响因素.研究区域真光层深度空间差异不明显,但季节变化显著,冬季最高,夏季最低.回归分析表明光合有效辐射(PAR)衰减系数与透明度、总悬浮物浓度有显著的相关性(R2=0.861 9,R2=0.764),与叶绿素a相关性不明显(R2=0.011 3).进一步研究分析表明真光层深度、总悬浮物浓度、叶绿素a主要受小江河口流量、小江回水区水位的影响,复杂的水动力条件与独特的水文条件是影响三峡水库小江回水区真光层深度变化的主要因素.  相似文献   

塔里木盆地西缘晚新生代岩石磁学特征及其对区域构造活动的响应   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

王雪鹏  杨进云  杜芳芳  张曼  吴小斌  宋春晖 《甘肃地质》2010,(4):1-8

本文在前人研究基础上,选择中国西部塔里木盆地、南天山及西昆仑3个重要大地构造单元交界部位的塔里木盆地西北缘喀什凹陷地区,通过对乌恰黑孜苇剖面晚新生代巨厚陆相沉积物岩石磁学特征的分析,结合岩性、古水流和物源变化等的研究,揭示了晚新生代以来区域存在5次构造活动事件,它们分别发生于渐新世末—中新世初、中中新世初、晚中新世初、晚中新世末—上新世初和上新世末—更新世。其中渐新世末—中新世初和上新世末—更新世的构造活动是该区两次重大事件,并与青藏高原构造隆升有关,前者造成西昆仑和南天山强烈上升使塔里木盆地西缘喀什凹陷地区中断了与古地中海的连通进入了陆盆沉积环境演化阶段,后者进一步造成西昆仑和南天山强烈上升、帕米尔—天山之间地壳强烈缩短以及该区现今地貌格局的形成。  相似文献