An Approach for Classification of Groundwaters by Synchronous Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Discriminant Analysis     

W. Geyer  L. Brüggemann  U. Schmitz 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1996,24(5):206-211

Monitoring and evaluation of groundwater quality in drinking water protectorates is of particular interest if the uncontrolled entry of pollutants, for example by infiltrating river water, cannot be excluded. A fluorescence spectroscopic method is presented as possible alternative to the conventional expensive hydrochemical investigations. This method uses the information yielded by synchronous fluorescence spectra. After a Fourier transformation of the original spectra and a following discriminant analysis, the samples can be classified in different groups corresponding to the different types of groundwater. The method was tested in the drinking water protectorate of a waterworks of a German metropolis (Halle, Sachsen-Anhalt). We found a prediction rate of about 90% in the investigated case.  相似文献   

himu-em: The French Polynesian connection     

Catherine Chauvel  Albrecht W. Hofmann  Philippe Vidal 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1992,110(1-4)

himu, em i andem ii are three of the main geochemical mantle components that give rise to oceanic island basalts [1]. They represent the end members that produce the extreme isotopic compositions measured on intraplate volcanics. In French Polynesia, all three mantle components are represented in volcanic rocks. The characteristichimu signature is found in Tubuai, Mangaia and Rurutu,em i is present in the source of Rarotonga and Pitcairn volcanics andem ii dominates the composition of most Society Islands. Intermediate values between the three end members are found on most islands.We suggest that the three components are not independent but are physically related in the mantle. Thehimu component is thought to be recycled oceanic crust that lost part of its Pb through hydrothermal processes prior to and during subduction.em i andem ii are believed to acquire their isotopic and trace element characteristics through entrainment of sediments that were subducted together with the oceanic crust.The trace element pattern and the isotopic composition ofhimu lavas can be quantitatively modelled using a mixture of 25% old recycledmorb crust and 75% mantle peridotite. The extreme Pb composition is modelled assuming that Pb was lost from oceanic crust when hydrothermal alteration at the ridge leached Pb from the basalt to redeposit it as sulphides on top of and throughout the crust, followed by preferential dissolution of sulphides during dehydration in the subduction zone. These processes led to a drastic increase of theU/Pb ratio of the subducted material which evolved over 2 Ga to very radiogenic Pb isotopic compositions. Pb isotopic compositions similar to those ofem i andem ii are modelled assuming that sediments with average crustal Pb isotopic compositions were subducted and recycled into the mantle together with the underlyingmorb oceanic crust. Pelagic sediments (μ 5 andκ 6) account for the Pb isotopic composition ofem i whereas terrigenous sediments (μ 10 andκ 4.5) evolve towards theem ii end member. A few percent of sediment in the recycled crust-sediment mixture will destroy the characteristic Pb isotopic signature of thehimu component. This, together with the low probability of isolating oceanic crust in the mantle for 2 Ga, explains why the extremehimu composition, as seen on Tubuai and St Helena, is sampled so rarely by oceanic volcanism.  相似文献   

Hydrothermal alterations in the Echassières granitic cupola (Massif central,france)     

Thierry Merceron  Philippe Vieillard  Anne-Marie Fouillac  Alain Meunier 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1992,112(2-3):279-292

Detailed petrographic and mineralogic investigations of an albite-lepidolite granite at Echassières (Massif Central, France; scientific deep drill program) shows the existence of hydrothermal stages which are closely related to the magmatic and structural history. According to fluid inclusion data, K-Ar datations and ¹⁸O/¹⁶O-D/H compositions of secondary minerals, two successive hydrothermal periods have been recognized. The early one (273–268 million years) produced a series of aluminous phyllosilicates: muscovite, pyrophyllite, donbassite, tosudite, kaolinite which are observed as vein deposits (<10 mm wide) and alteration products of primary minerals in wall-rocks. The vein system was sealed by monomineralic assemblages during a cooling period (400–150°C). This early hydrothermal alteration stage was controlled by interactions of rock with low salinity (1–10 wt% NaCl equivalent) fluids expelled from the granitic body during the cooling processes. The chemical properties of these fluids were the following: low pH, very low Mg and Fe and high Li, Na and K contents. Thermodynamic calculations show that the sequence pyrophyllite, Li-bearing donbassite, tosudite is mostly temperature dependent. From the chemical composition of secondary minerals and isotopic data it can be deduced that these fluids, which have a meteoric origin, have been expelled from the granite body during its cooling period and after interaction with it at high temperature. The late hydrothermal stage corresponds to deposits of fluorite and Fe-Mg rich illite (151 million years) in subvertical fractures. Temperature conditions did not exceed 250° C and fluids came through the surrounding metamorphic rocks into the granitic body. IIlite/smectite mixed-layer minerals have been identified in subvertical fractures which were opened during Tertiary periods. In the host micaschists, successive hydrothermal alterations took place during the cooling of the Beauvoir granite. Early magmatic fluids interacted with these micaschists. Locally, the metamorphic assemblage is replaced by a metasomatic one. Secondary topaz and (F, Li)-rich mica crystals were formed over a range of 450 of 150°C. Later hydrothermal fluids reacted with the country rocks to form phengite-biotite, chlorite-illite and kaolinite over a range of 300 to 150°C. Illite/smectite mixed-layer minerals crystallized in the roof micaschists and within the Beauvoir granite during the Tertiary alteration period. Meteoric water invaded open fractures producing supergene alteration mineral assemblages.  相似文献   

Über die Zufuhr von Turbulenzenergie durch Grenzflächenreibung und labile Schichtung     

H. P. Schmitz 《Ocean Dynamics》1962,15(3):114-124

Zusammenfassung In einer turbulenten Strömung wird die Arbeitsleistung der mittleren Schubspannung an den Begrenzungen durch deren Rauhigkeit in Turbulenzenergie umgewandelt. Das Resultat ist ein Austauschstrom dieser Energie von der Begrenzung in die Flüssigkeit hinein. Dies kann ein sehr wesentlicher Beitrag zur Aufrechterhaltung seiner Turbulenz werden, insbesondere in Fällen stabiler Schichtung in Bodennähe.In den bekannten Ableitungen des Richardsonschen Turbulenzkriteriums und in der gebräuchlichen Gleichung für die Änderung der Turbulenzenergie scheint man diesen Randeinfluß nicht zu berücksichtigen. Beide Beziehungen versagen außerdem bei Anwendung auf neutrale Schichtung. Für diesen Fall liefern sie, wie von K. L. Calder [1949] und O. G. Sutton [1949] bemerkt, eine ständige Zunahme der Turbulenzenergie, weil die Arbeitsleistungen der Zusatzgeschwindigkeiten gegen die turbulenten Schwankungen des Druckgradienten unberücksichtigt blieben. Bei einer korrekten Ableitung und Anwendung sind sie ebenso in Rechnung zu stellen wie die Konvergenz obigen Austauschstromes der Turbulenzenergie.

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On the supply of turbulent energy by boundary friction and unstable stratification

Summary In a turbulent current, the work of the average shearing stress is transformed into eddy energy by the roughness of its boundaries. The result is a turbulent transport of this energy from the boundary into the fluid. This may become an essential contribution to maintaining the turbulence of the current, especially in cases of stable stratification next to the bottom.This influence of the boundary has apparently been considered neither in the known derivations of Richardson's criterion of turbulence nor in the usual equation of the change of eddy energy which both, in addition, fail when being applied to neutral stratification. In this case, the criterion gives a permanent increase of eddy energy contrary to the observations already stated by K. L. Calder [1949] and O. G. Sutton [1949], since the work of the eddy velocities against the fluctuations of the gradient of pressure is not taken into account. In a correct derivation and application we have to consider both, this work and the convergence of the eddy flow of turbulent energy normal to the smoothed boundaries.

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Sur la formation d'énergie turbulente causée par la friction des surfaces de séparation et par la stratification labile

Résumé Dans un courant turbulent le rendement moyen du frottement tangentiel auprès des limites solides est transformé en énergie turbulente grâce à la rugosité de ces limites. Le résultat en est un transport de cette énergie à partir des limites solides jusqu'à l'intérieur de la fluide. Cette énergie peut essentiellement contribuer à la conservation de la turbulence du courant, surtout en présence d'une stratification stable au voisinage du sol.Il semble que l'on ne tienne pas compte de cet effet des limites solides dans les dérivations connues du critérium de turbulence d'après Richardson et dans l'équation usuelle concernant le changement de l'énergie turbulente. En outre, ces deux relations ne correspondent pas aux observations lorsqu'on essaie de les appliquer à la stratification neutre, ce qui était déjà constaté par K. L. Calder [1949] et par O. G. Sutton [1949]. Le critérium fournit dans ce cas-là une augmentation permanente de l'énergie turbulente parce que le rendement de la vitesse additionnelle qui a une influence affaiblissante sur les variations turbulentes du gradient de pression n'est pas considéré. Afin d'assurer une dérivation et une application correcte il est nécessaire de considérer l'influence affaiblissante de la vitesse additionnelle sur les variations du gradient de pression aussi bien que de tenir compte du transport de l'énergie turbulente à partir des limites solides jusqu'à l'intérieur de la fluide.

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Constraints on the thermal evolution of continental lithosphere from U-Pb accessory mineral thermochronometry of lower crustal xenoliths,southern Africa   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Schmitz  Mark D.  Bowring  Samuel A. 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2003,144(5):592-618

U-Pb isotopic thermochronometry of rutile, apatite and titanite from kimberlite-borne lower crustal granulite xenoliths has been used to constrain the thermal evolution of Archean cratonic and Proterozoic off-craton continental lithosphere beneath southern Africa. The relatively low closure temperature of the U-Pb rutile thermochronometer (~400-450 °C) allows its use as a particularly sensitive recorder of the establishment of "cratonic" lithospheric geotherms, as well as subsequent thermal perturbations to the lithosphere. Contrasting lower crustal thermal histories are revealed between intracratonic and craton margin regions. Discordant Proterozoic (1.8 to 1.0 Ga) rutile ages in Archean (2.9 to 2.7 Ga) granulites from within the craton are indicative of isotopic resetting by marginal orogenic thermal perturbations influencing the deep crust of the cratonic nucleus. In Proterozoic (1.1 to 1.0 Ga) granulite xenoliths from the craton-bounding orogenic belts, rutiles define discordia arrays with Neoproterozoic (0.8 to 0.6 Ga) upper intercepts and lower intercepts equivalent to Mesozoic exhumation upon kimberlite entrainment. In combination with coexisting titanite and apatite dates, these results are interpreted as a record of postorogenic cooling at an integrated rate of approximately 1 °C/Ma, and subsequent variable Pb loss in the apatite and rutile systems during a Mesozoic thermal perturbation to the deep lithosphere. Closure of the rutile thermochronometer signals temperatures of 𙠂 °C in the lower crust during attainment of cratonic lithospheric conductive geotherms, and such closure in the examined portions of the "off-craton" Proterozoic domains of southern Africa indicates that their lithospheric thermal profiles were essentially cratonic from the Neoproterozoic through to the Late Jurassic. These results suggest similar lithospheric thickness and potential for diamond stability beneath both Proterozoic and Archean domains of southern Africa. Subsequent partial resetting of U-Pb rutile and apatite systematics in the cratonic margin lower crust records a transient Mesozoic thermal modification of the lithosphere, and modeling of the diffusive Pb loss from lower crustal rutile constrains the temperature and duration of Mesozoic heating to 𙡦 °C for ₞ ka. This result indicates that the thermal perturbation is not simply a kimberlite-related magmatic phenomenon, but is rather a more protracted manifestation of lithospheric heating, likely related to mantle upwelling and rifting of Gondwana during the Late Jurassic to Cretaceous. The manifestation of this thermal pulse in the lower crust is spatially and temporally correlated with anomalously elevated and/or kinked Cretaceous mantle paleogeotherms, and evidence for metasomatic modification in cratonic mantle peridotite suites. It is argued that most of the geographic differences in lithospheric thermal structure inferred from mantle xenolith thermobarometry are likewise due to the heterogeneous propagation of this broad upper mantle thermal anomaly. The differential manifestation of heating between cratonic margin and cratonic interior indicates the importance of advective heat transport along pre-existing lithosphere-scale discontinuities. Within this model, kimberlite magmatism was a similarly complex, space- and time-dependent response to Late Mesozoic lithospheric thermal perturbation.  相似文献   

La prévision du climat : de l'échelle saisonnière à l'échelle décennale     

Jean-Claude Andr  Jean-Yves Caneill  Michel Dqu  Philippe Rogel  Laurent Terray  Yves Tourre 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2002,334(16):1115

The atmosphere and the ocean are subject to many dynamical instabilities, which limit the time during which their behaviour can be deterministically forecasted. At longer timescales, the atmosphere can be predicted at best using statistical methods, as a response to external forcing linked to sea- and land-surface anomalies. Climate being defined as the mean of atmospheric states, it appears that it can be predicted up to a few months in advance, which is the characteristic time of the so-called slow components of the climate system. Forecasting can sometimes be extended to longer time ranges, especially when the coupled ocean–atmosphere system exhibits internal variability modes, with characteristic times of a few years. Seasonal climate forecasting is most often based upon Monte-Carlo simulations, where the various realisations correspond to slightly different initial conditions. The present sate-of-the-art in Europe (ECMWF) and/or in the USA (IRI) allows to forecast such major phenomena, as El Niño, up to six months in advance. Finally, some parameters may exhibit predictability at still longer time-ranges (inter-annual to decadal), but only for certain regions. The example of electricity production is used to underline the potentially large economical benefit of seasonal climate forecasting. To cite this article: J.-C. André et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 1115–1127.

Résumé

L'atmosphère et l'océan sont le siège d'instabilités dynamiques, qui limitent la durée pendant laquelle il est possible d'en prévoir l'évolution de façon déterministe. Au-delà, l'atmosphère n'est plus prévisible, au mieux, que de façon statistique, en fonction du forçage externe qu'exerce(nt) sur elle l'océan et/ou la surface des continents. Le climat (au sens d'une moyenne des états atmosphériques) se révèle ainsi prévisible jusqu'à des échéances temporelles de quelques mois, échelle de temps caractéristique des composantes dites « lentes » du système climatique. La prévision peut s'étendre à des échéances parfois plus longues, dans le cas où le système couplé océan–atmosphère posséderait des modes de variabilité temporelle de périodes caractéristiques de quelques années. La prévision climatique saisonnière est très souvent construite à partir de simulations de type Monte-Carlo, avec des ensembles de réalisations utilisant des conditions initiales légèrement différentes. Dans l'état actuel de ces prévisions, qu'elles soient réalisées en Europe (CEPMMT) ou aux États-Unis (IRI), il est possible de prévoir environ six mois à l'avance un certain nombre de phénomènes climatiques, en particulier ceux liés aux épisodes dits « El Niño », pour lesquels l'amplitude des variations est suffisamment importante. Il existe, par ailleurs, une prévisibilité à encore plus longue échéance (inter-annuelle à décennale), mais seulement pour certains paramètres et certaines régions. L'exemple de la production d'électricité montre l'importance économique potentielle très grande de la prévision climatique saisonnière. Pour citer cet article : J.-C. André et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 1115–1127.  相似文献   

Steady- and transient-state inversion in hydrogeology by successive flux estimation     

Philippe Pasquier  Denis Marcotte 《Advances in water resources》2006,29(12):1934-1952

A calibration method to solve the groundwater inverse problem under steady- and transient-state conditions is presented. The method compares kriged and numerical head field gradients to modify hydraulic conductivity without the use of non-linear optimization techniques. The process is repeated iteratively until a close match with piezometric data is reached. The approach includes a damping factor to avoid divergence and oscillation of the solution in areas of low hydraulic gradient and a weighting factor to account for temporal head variation in transient simulations. The efficiency of the method in terms of computing time and calibration results is demonstrated with a synthetic field. It is shown that the proposed method provides parameter fields that reproduce both hydraulic conductivity and piezometric data in few forward model solutions. Stochastic numerical experiments are conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of the method to the damping function and to the head field estimation errors.  相似文献   

A preliminary investigation of strong-motion data from the French Antilles     

John Douglas  Didier Bertil  Agathe Roullé  Pascal Dominique  Philippe Jousset 《Journal of Seismology》2006,10(3):271-299

Strong-motion networks have been operating in the Caribbean region since the 1970s, however, until the mid-1990s only a few analogue stations were operational and the quantity of data recorded was very low. Since the mid-1990s, digital accelerometric networks have been established on islands within the region. At present there are thought to be about 160 stations operating in this region with a handful on Cuba, 65 on the French Antilles (mainly Guadeloupe and Martinique), eight on Jamaica, 78 on Puerto Rico (plus others on adjacent islands) and four on Trinidad.After briefly summarising the available data from the Caribbean islands, this article is mainly concerned with analysing the data that has been recorded by the networks operating on the French Antilles in terms of their distribution with respect to magnitude, source-to-site distance, focal depth and event type; site effects at certain stations; and also with respect to their predictability by ground motion estimation equations developed using data from different regions of the world. More than 300 good quality triaxial acceleration time-histories have been recorded on Guadeloupe and Martinique at a large number of stations from earthquakes with magnitudes larger than 4.8, however, most of the records are from considerable source-to-site distances. From the data available it is found that many of the commonly-used ground motion estimation equations for shallow crustal earthquakes poorly estimate the observed ground motions on the two islands; ground motions on Guadeloupe and Martinique have smaller amplitudes and are more variable than expected. This difference could be due to regional dependence of ground motions because of, for example, differing tectonics or crustal structures or because the ground motions so far recorded are, in general, from smaller earthquakes and greater distances than the range of applicability of the investigated equations.  相似文献   

Decoupling of arsenic and iron release from ferrihydrite suspension under reducing conditions: a biogeochemical model     

André Burnol  Francis Garrido  Philippe Baranger  Catherine Joulian  Marie-Christine Dictor  Françoise Bodénan  Guillaume Morin  Laurent Charlet 《Geochemical transactions》2007,8(1):12

High levels of arsenic in groundwater and drinking water are a major health problem. Although the processes controlling the release of As are still not well known, the reductive dissolution of As-rich Fe oxyhydroxides has so far been a favorite hypothesis. Decoupling between arsenic and iron redox transformations has been experimentally demonstrated, but not quantitatively interpreted. Here, we report on incubation batch experiments run with As(V) sorbed on, or co-precipitated with, 2-line ferrihydrite. The biotic and abiotic processes of As release were investigated by using wet chemistry, X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption and genomic techniques. The incubation experiments were carried out with a phosphate-rich growth medium and a community of Fe(III)-reducing bacteria under strict anoxic conditions for two months. During the first month, the release of Fe(II) in the aqueous phase amounted to only 3% to 10% of the total initial solid Fe concentration, whilst the total aqueous As remained almost constant after an initial exchange with phosphate ions. During the second month, the aqueous Fe(II) concentration remained constant, or even decreased, whereas the total quantity of As released to the solution accounted for 14% to 45% of the total initial solid As concentration. At the end of the incubation, the aqueous-phase arsenic was present predominately as As(III) whilst X-ray absorption spectroscopy indicated that more than 70% of the solid-phase arsenic was present as As(V). X-ray diffraction revealed vivianite Fe(II)₃(PO₄)₂.8H₂O in some of the experiments. A biogeochemical model was then developed to simulate these aqueous- and solid-phase results. The two main conclusions drawn from the model are that (1) As(V) is not reduced during the first incubation month with high Eh values, but rather re-adsorbed onto the ferrihydrite surface, and this state remains until arsenic reduction is energetically more favorable than iron reduction, and (2) the release of As during the second month is due to its reduction to the more weakly adsorbed As(III) which cannot compete against carbonate ions for sorption onto ferrihydrite. The model was also successfully applied to recent experimental results on the release of arsenic from Bengal delta sediments.  相似文献   

New method for in situ characterization of loose material for landslide mapping purpose     

Adrien Pantet  Aurle Parriaux  Philippe Thelin 《Engineering Geology》2007,94(3-4):166-179

The assessment of grain size distribution and plasticity of loose geological material, during in situ geological investigations, is not obvious. Visual appreciation allows an approximative quantification of the coarse granulometric fractions, but not of the fine ones. Field soils determination methods suggested until now, are visual and tactile tests leading to a very rough estimate, which is only qualitative and not very reproducible. The new proposed field test (GEOLEP method) allows a quick quantification of the fine fraction of loose material. It allows the determination of the sand fraction (fine and medium grained sands) as well as the methylene blue value of the samples. The necessary equipment to perform this test is light and compact and the time needed to analyze one sample is approximately 15 min. Thus it is also possible to carry out numerous measurements in one day. The calibrations were carried out on a selection of 13 natural samples, chosen for their representativeness of the typical alpine quaternary deposits. The results obtained with GEOLEP method are relevant compared with standardized laboratory tests; the obtained correlation indexes are of 73% for the comparison with laboratory stain test results and of 89% with a laboratory method using a similar procedure than the field test. The correlation we performed with Atterberg's limits tests shows that a rough approximation of plasticity index can also be obtained (R² = 75%). This method thus brings a new tool which should allow taking into account the lithological factor (by some quantitative and representative variables) in a reliable way for the evaluation of landslide hazards.  相似文献