Active strike-slip faulting in the Chablais area (NW Alps) from earthquake focal mechanisms and relative locations     

Bastien Delacou  Nicholas Deichmann  Christian Sue  Fran?ois Thouvenot  Jean-Daniel Champagnac  Martin Burkhard 《Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae》2005,98(2):189-199

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Hazard transformation and hazard management issues in the London megacity     

Dennis Parker  Sue Tapsell 《GeoJournal》1995,37(3):313-328

Megacities are likely to present the greatest future challenges for hazard management. In them increasingly complex societies are continually modifying responses to dynamic sets of external risks. Although most have proven resilient to past disasters, new types of threat are emerging. London — which is both the world's oldest megacity and one of its most resilient — has long experience of the transformation of hazards in time and space. Although not as hazard-prone as some megacities, this one is increasingly exposed to a wide range of interactive hazards. Here trends of flooding, air pollution and terrorism are discussed together with policy responses. London demonstrates that robust action can be successful in reducing high-intensity hazards but it also shows that contemporary management is characterised by top-down technological fixes whose long-term effectiveness is questionable. In general, anticipatory responses have been limited and present-day London has not capitalised on its rich legacy of successful experience in coping with hazard.  相似文献   

Sustaining agricultural production and food security in Southern Africa: an improved role for climate prediction?   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Emma Archer  Elijah Mukhala  Sue Walker  Maxx Dilley  Kennedy Masamvu 《Climatic change》2007,83(3):287-300

Livelihoods and household food security in the Southern African region can be extremely vulnerable to the negative effects of climate stress as shown by the 2002–2004 ‘complex emergency.’ Climate prediction may prove a valuable resource in mitigating these effects. If climate prediction is applied successfully, it may be able to help guide responses in populations at risk to reduce vulnerability to climate stress. The study presented here seeks to understand what would constitute an improved role for climate prediction in contributing to sustaining agricultural production and food security in Southern Africa. Investigation undertaken during the 2002/2003 rainy season under regional conditions of elevated disaster risk shows, however, that a number of weaknesses and gaps persistently characterize climate information systems in the Southern African region, and constrain such systems’ ability to benefit key sectors, particularly agriculture. The stakeholder identification of such gaps forms the basis for distilling concrete recommendations to improve process and organizational efficiency. Such recommendations, while developmental, should better enable institutions and stakeholders involved in climate prediction to fulfill their potential in supporting development of successful adaptation strategies in populations and sectors at risk.  相似文献   

Partial substitution of peat moss with biochar for sustainable cultivation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Durio zibethinus L</Emphasis>. in nurseries     

Robert Thomas Bachmann  Sharifah Adawiyah  Thilagam Krishnan  Benson Khoo  Tan Sue Sian  Trevor Richards 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2018,11(15):426

The extensive use of peat moss as potting medium in nurseries worldwide is not sustainable causing peatland depletion and greenhouse gas emissions. This research seeks to explore whether wood biochar produced by the environment-friendly flame curtain method can partially substitute peat moss in plant nurseries without affecting plant growth and health. Biochar was produced from durian wood logs in a top-quenched Kon-Tiki earth kiln, crushed, and mixed with peat moss at dosages of 0, 1, 2.5 and 5% (w/w). Durian seedlings were grown in 2.5 L polybags arranged in randomised complete block design with 4 replicates per treatment. Plant height, collar diameter, pH, moisture content, number of branches and leaves, and plant health were monitored weekly for 94 days. Liquid fish fertiliser was used as organic fertiliser. Our results demonstrated that biochar can substitute at least 5% (w/w) peat moss without negatively affecting plant height, collar diameter, number of leaves and branches, and plant health. In addition, organic fertiliser is not required during the first 3 months of cultivation resulting in cost savings to the nursery operator. Plant height was found to be the most accurate yet simple monitoring parameter studied. A better understanding of the effect of higher biochar application rates as well as the number of times the potting medium can be reused without loss of potting medium properties and health can help to further cut nursery cost and reduce reliance on peat moss.  相似文献   

Modeling calving process of glacier with dilated polyhedral discrete element method     

Lu Liu  Ji Li  Qizhen Sun  Chunhua Li  Sue Cook  Shunying Ji 《海洋学报(英文版)》2021,40(7):159-169

Mass loss caused by glacier calving is one of the direct contributors to global sea level rise. Reliable calving laws are required for accurate modelling of ice sheet mass balance. Both continuous and discontinuous methods have been used for glacial calving simulations. In this study, the discrete element method(DEM) based on dilated polyhedral elements is introduced to simulate the calving process of a tidewater glacier. Dilated polyhedrons can be obtained from the Minkowski sum of a sphere and a core polyhedron. These elements can be utilized to generate a continuum ice material, where the interaction force between adjacent elements is modeled by constructing bonds at the joints of the common faces. A hybrid fracture model considering fracture energy is introduced. The viscous creep behavior of glaciers on long-term scales is not considered. By applying buoyancy and gravity to the modelled glacier, DEM results show that the calving process is caused by cracks which are initialized at the top of the glacier and spread to the bottom. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using the dilated polyhedral DEM method in glacier simulations, additionally allowing the fragment size of the breaking fragments to be counted. The relationship between crack propagation and internal stress in the glacier is analyzed during calving process. Through the analysis of the Mises stress and the normal stress between the elements, it is found that geometric changes caused by the glacier calving lead to the redistribution of the stress. The tensile stress between the elements is the main influencing factor of glacier ice failure. In addition, the element shape,glacier base friction and buoyancy are studied, the results show that the glacier model based on the dilated polyhedral DEM is sensitive to the above conditions.  相似文献   

Identifying granite sources by SHRIMP U-Pb zircon geochronology: an application to the Lachlan foldbelt   总被引：24，自引：1，他引：23  

Sue Keay  David Steele  William Compston 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1999,137(4):323-341

The potential genetic link between granites and their host sediments can be assessed using zircon age inheritance patterns. In the Lachlan fold belt, southeastern Australia, granites and associated high-grade metasedimentary rocks intrude low-grade Ordovician country rock. This relationship is well-exposed in the Tallangatta region, northeast Victoria (part of the Wagga-Omeo Metamorphic Complex). In this region granites (two I-types and two S-types) have intruded during the mid-late Silurian between approximately 410–430 Ma based on the ages of magmatic zircons. The age spectra for inherited zircons from the granites have been compared with those of detrital zircons from the enclosing low- and high-grade metasediments. In broad terms, both for detrital zircons in all four sediments and for inherited zircons in three of the four granites, the dominant ages are early Paleozoic and Late Precambrian, with sporadic older Precambrian ages extending up to 3.5 Ga. The ages of the youngest detrital zircons from the low-grade Lockhart and Talgarno terranes limit the time of sedimentation to ca. 466 Ma or younger. The youngest detrital zircons from two samples of the high-grade Gundowring terrane are 473 Ma, making these sediments Ordovician or younger, not Cambrian as originally suggested. However, the individual age spectra for the four selected metasediments are not well matched when closely examined. The age spectra of the inherited zircons in the granites also do not adequately match those in any of the metasediments. Thus, the metasediments might not be representative of the actual source rocks of the granites. While the exact source of the granites cannot be identified from the analysed samples, the existence of a large population of ca. 495 Ma inherited zircon grains in the S-type granites requires that the granite source contains a significant proportion of Cambrian or younger material. This does not preclude the existence of a Precambrian basement to the Lachlan fold belt but indicates that at the level of S-type magma generation, a Cambrian and/or younger protolith is required. Received: 28 August 1998 / Accepted: 7 July 1999  相似文献   

The way forward     

Sue Bowler  Editor 《Astronomy& Geophysics》2000,41(3):3.5-3.5

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Albatross predation of juvenile southern blue whiting (Micromesistius australis) on the Campbell Plateau     

Yves Cherel  Sue Waugh  Stuart Hanchet 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):437-441

Dietary samples collected at Campbell Island in summer 1997 indicate that southern blue whiting (Micromesistius australis) formed the bulk of the food of black‐browed albatrosses (Diomedea melanophrys impavida) during the chick‐rearing period. Birds preyed upon a single size class of fish with a mode at 80–90 mm standard length; fish were 4–5 months old and belonged to the 0+ age group. Satellite tracking showed that, when performing trips of short duration, adult albatrosses foraged within the 1000 m depth contour in the subantarctic zone north of Campbell Island. The feeding ecology of albatrosses thus suggests that juvenile (0+) southern blue whiting are pelagic and occur in dense schools in the top 5 m of the water column over the Campbell Plateau during the summer months. The high reliance of birds on juvenile southern blue whiting during the chick‐rearing period has implications for the management of the southern blue whiting fishery and the conservation of black‐browed albatrosses and other marine predators occurring in the New Zealand subantarctic area.  相似文献   

CNES strategy: satellite data and modelling for public health: towards a cooperation with NASA     

Murielle Lafaye  Cécile Vignolles  John Haynes  Sue Estes 《国际地球制图》2013,28(6):663-670

For ages, links between environment, climate and their impacts on human health have been observed and studied. Research to improve our understanding of environmental key determinants of infectious diseases can provide innovative information for adaptation strategies and lead to new tools optimizing surveillance, vector control measures, and disease prevention. As earth observation satellites can measure meteorological and environmental parameters, NASA and CNES have separately engaged in an innovative use of their earth observation infrastructure development programs: space tools addressing public health. As NASA and CNES have fruitful cooperation for satellite development missions for years, both health programs have proposed to explore a new area of collaboration: satellites addressing health issues. As members of international organizations, NASA and CNES could promote their common views towards the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) Community of Practice for Health & Environment and the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) Societal Benefit Area on Health.  相似文献   

Assessment and control of organic and other contaminants associated with the Stardust sample return from comet 81P/Wild 2     

Scott A. SANDFORD  Saša BAJT  Simon J. CLEMETT  George D. CODY  George COOPER  Bradley T. DEGREGORIO  Vanessa De VERA  Jason P. DWORKIN  Jamie E. ELSILA  George J. FLYNN  Daniel P. GLAVIN  Antonio LANZIROTTI  Thomas LIMERO  Mildred P. MARTIN  Christopher J. SNEAD  Maegan K. SPENCER  Thomas STEPHAN  Andrew WESTPHAL  Sue WIRICK  Richard N. ZARE  Michael E. ZOLENSKY 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2010,45(3):406-433

Abstract– Numerous potential sources of organic contaminants could have greatly complicated the interpretation of the organic portions of the samples returned from comet 81P/Wild 2 by the Stardust spacecraft. Measures were taken to control and assess potential organic (and other) contaminants during the design, construction, and flight of the spacecraft, and during and after recovery of the sample return capsule. Studies of controls and the returned samples suggest that many of these potential sources did not contribute any significant material to the collectors. In particular, contamination from soils at the recovery site and materials associated with the ablation of the heatshield do not appear to be significant problems. The largest source of concern is associated with the C present in the original aerogel. The relative abundance of this carbon can vary between aerogel tiles and even within individual tiles. This C was fortunately not distributed among a complex mixture of organics, but was instead largely present in a few simple forms (mostly as Si‐CH₃ groups). In most cases, the signature of returned cometary organics can be readily distinguished from contaminants through their different compositions, nonterrestrial isotopic ratios, and/or association with other cometary materials. However, some conversion of the carbon indigenous to the flight aerogel appears to have happened during particle impact, and some open issues remain regarding how this C may be processed into new forms during the hypervelocity impact collection of the comet dust.  相似文献