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A prototype electromagnetic vibrator, referred to here as E-Vib, was upgraded and developed for broadband hardrock and mineral exploration seismic surveys. We selected the iron oxide mine in Blötberget, central Sweden, for a test site in 2019 for the newly developed E-Vib because of the availability of earlier seismic datasets (from 2015 to 2016) for verification of its performance for hardrock imaging purposes. The two-dimensional data acquisition consisted of a fixed geometry with 550 receiver locations spaced at every 5 m, employing both cabled and wireless seismic recorders, along an approximately 2.7 km long profile. The E-Vib operated at every second receiver station (i.e. 10 m spacing) with a linear sweep of 2–180 Hz and with a peak force of 7 kN. The processing workflow took advantage of the broadband signal generated by the E-Vib in this challenging hardrock environment with varying ground conditions. The processed seismic section shows a set of reflections associated with the known iron oxide mineralization and a major crosscutting reflection interpreted to be from a fault system likely to be crosscutting the mineralization. The broadband source data acquisition and subsequent processing helped to improve signal quality and resolution in comparison with the earlier workflows and data where a drophammer seismic source was used as the seismic source. These results suggest new possibilities for the E-Vib source for improved targeting in hardrock geological settings.  相似文献   
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A simplistic study of the dynamics of a falling particle ensemble is described. It shows the effect created by the introduction of particle size distributions on precipitation onset and duration and compares it to the case where air motions or pressure fields triggered by the particles are neglected. The assumption of homogeneously sized raindrops seems adequate if precipitation rates and total rainfall are considered. As soon as timing is involved a more refined treatment is required.  相似文献   
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Abstract

Temperature, salinity, sea level and meteorological data from the ‘couplage entre les processus physiques et biogéochimiques’ (COUPPB) study of 1990 were examined to determine the forcing of fresh water pulses in the lower St. Lawrence Estuary. Anchor stations, during and after the passage of a pulse event, indicated that profound changes occurred in the hydrography at the head of the Laurentian Channel. A factor analysis of rotated eigenmodes of surface temperature and salinity indicated three co‐varying groups ‐ the first, on the north shore of the river, the second, on the south slope of the Laurentian Channel and the third in the middle of the estuary. A multivariate regression was used to relate salinity and temperature variations to forcing variates. It was found that sea level elevation and local winds accurately predicted fluctuations on the north shore. Salinity and temperature fluctuations on the south shore were best explained by propagation. In the middle of the estuary, salinity fluctuations were only weakly explained by propagation while temperature fluctuations could not be predicted by any of the forcing variates.  相似文献   
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We take issue with the claim by Tavoni and Tol (Clim Chang 100:769–778, 2010) that reviews of the macroeconomic costs of achieving the 2 °C climate target have been affected by selection bias and have underestimated the costs. Although many more cost estimates are available in the literature, they have restricted their survey to the data in the EMF22 study, with a limited set of model solutions for the 2 °C target. They have applied the methodology of observational meta-analysis inappropriately to policy meta-analysis, where the number of results is often very small and the basis for imputing a statistical distribution does not usually exist. They have mixed direct costs with net costs in terms of %GDP. Their method of “correcting” for missing data with (high) costs of stringent mitigation could equally be applied to correcting the data for omission of mitigation options such as biomass energy with carbon capture so reducing the cost estimates. And finally they implicitly assume that the same policy combinations and mitigation options are applied for all climate scenarios, when more stringent scenarios may require more stringent policies and options, such as regulation or BECCS. The conclusion from the literature is more appropriately that the costs are highly uncertain, that they can equally be positive or negative (gains) and that models which fail to solve for stringent mitigations are not fit for purpose.  相似文献   
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Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy - The increasing availability of computing machines capable of parallel computation has accelerated interest in numerical methods that exhibit natural...  相似文献   
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