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931.
2001年四川省雅江-康定6.0级地震烈度考察及发震构造背景雏议 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
2001年2月23日四川省发生的6.0级地震,其宏观震中位于雅江县与康定县之间的高山峡谷地带.极震区烈度可达Ⅷ 度,Ⅷ 度区、Ⅶ 度区和Ⅵ 度区面积分别为180km2,1472 km2和3998 km2,等震线分布总体形态呈椭圆形,长轴近南北向.震区建筑物普遍受损,极震区山地灾害较为严重.初步分析认为,此次地震的发生与理塘断裂和玉农希断裂的长期活动有关,主干断裂活动造成的地壳应力调整和集中,最终在块体内部的次级断裂上释放而产生地震. 相似文献
932.
933.
Xiaoxian Zhang A. Glyn Bengough John W. Crawford Iain M. Young 《Journal of Hydrology》2002,260(1-4):75-87
The non-linear solvers in numerical solutions of water flow in variably saturated soils are prone to convergence difficulties. Many aspects can give rise to such difficulties and in this paper we address the gravity term and the prescribed-flux boundary in the Picard iteration. The problem of the gravity term in the Picard iteration is iteration-to-iteration oscillation as the gravity term is treated, by analogy with the time-step advance technique, ‘explicitly’ in the iteration. The proposed method for the gravity term is an improvement of the ‘implicit’ approach of Zhang and Ewen [Water Resour. Res. 36 (2000) 2777] by extending it to heterogeneous soil and approximating the inter-nodal hydraulic conductivity in the diffusive term and the gravity term with the same scheme. The prescribed-flux boundary in traditional methods also gives rise to iteration-to-iteration oscillation because there is no feedback to the flux in the solution at the new iteration. To reduce such oscillation, a new method is proposed to provide such a feedback to the flux. Comparison with traditional Picard and Newton iteration methods for a wide range of problems show that a combination of these two proposed methods greatly improves the stability and consequently the computational efficiency, making the use of small time step and/or under-relaxation solely for convergence unnecessary. 相似文献
934.
Mohamed M. Hantush Rao. S. Govindaraju Miguel A. Marioand Zhonglong Zhang 《Journal of Hydrology》2002,260(1-4):58-74
This paper develops mass fraction models for transport and fate of agricultural pollutants in structured two-region soils. Mass fraction index models, based on a semi-infinite domain solution, are derived that describe leaching at depth, vapor losses through soil surface, absorption, and degradation in the dynamic- and stagnant-water soil regions. The models predict that leaching is the result of the combined effect of the upward vapor-phase transport relative to downward advection, residence time relative to half-life, dispersion, and lateral diffusive mass transfer. Simulations show that leached fraction of volatile compounds does not always decrease monotonically with increased residence time relative to the pollutant half-life, as a result of complex interactions among the different physical and biochemical processes. The results show that leaching, volatilization, and degradation losses can be affected significantly by lateral diffusive mass transfer into immobile-water regions and advection relative to dispersion (i.e. Peclet number) in the mobile-water regions. It is shown that solute diffusion into the immobile phase and subsequent biochemical decay reduces leaching and vapor losses through soil surface. Potential use of the modified leaching index for the screening of selected pesticides is illustrated for different soil textures and infiltration rates. The analysis may be useful to the management of pesticides and the design of landfills. 相似文献
935.
—?This paper reports results from two recent monitoring experiments in Wyoming. Broadband seismic recordings of kiloton class delay-fired cast blasts and instantaneous calibration shots in the Black Thunder coal mine were made at four azimuths at ranges from 1° to 2°. The primary focus of this experiment was to observe and to explain low-frequency signals that can be seen at all azimuths and should routinely propagate above noise to mid-regional distances where most events will be recorded by International Monitoring System (IMS) stations.¶The recordings clearly demonstrate that large millisecond delay-fired cast blasts routinely produce seismic signals that have significant spectral modulations below 10?Hz. These modulations are independent of time, the azimuth from the source and the orientation of the sensor. Low-frequency modulations below 5?Hz are seen beyond 9°. The modulations are not due to resonance as they are not produced by the calibration shots. Linear elastic modeling of the blasts that is guided by mine-blast reports fails to reproduce the fine detail of these modulations but clearly indicates that the enhanced “spectral roughness” is due to long interrow delays and source finiteness. The mismatch between the data and the synthetics is likely due to source processes, such as nonlinear interactions between shots, that are poorly understood and to other effects, such as variations of shot time and yield from planned values, that are known to be omnipresent but cannot be described accurately. A variant of the Automated Time-Frequency Discriminant (Hedlin, 1998b), which uses low-frequency spectral modulations, effectively separates these events from the calibration shots.¶The experiment also provided evidence that kiloton class cast blasts consistently yield energetic 2–10 second surface waves. The surface waves are strongly dependent on azimuth but are seen beyond 9°. Physical modeling of these events indicates that the surface waves are due mainly to the extended source duration and to a lesser extent to the slap-down of spalled material. The directionality is largely a path effect. A discriminant that is based on the partitioning of energy between surface and body waves routinely separates these events from the calibration shots.¶The Powder River Basin has essentially no natural seismic activity. How these mining events compare to earthquake observations remains to be determined. 相似文献
936.
Bergler Steffen Duveneck Eric Höcht German Zhang Yonghai Hubral Peter 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2002,46(2):165-175
The finite-offset (FO) common-reflection-surface (CRS) stack has been shown to be able to handle not only P-P or S-S but also arbitrarily converted reflections. It can provide different stack sections such as common-offset (CO), common-midpoint (CMP) and common-shot (CS) sections with significantly increased signal-to-noise ratio from the multi-coverage pre-stack seismic data in a data-driven way. It is our purpose in this paper to demonstrate the performance of the FO CRS stack on data involving converted waves in inhomogeneous layered media. In order to do this we apply the FO CRS stack for common-offset to a synthetic seismic data set involving P-P as well as P-S converted primary reflections. We show that the FO CRS stack yields convincing improvement of the image quality in the presence of noisy data and successfully extracts kinematic wavefield attributes useful for further analyses. The extracted emergence angle information is used to achieve a complete separation of the wavefield into its P-P and P-S wave components, given the FO CRS stacked horizontal and vertical component sections. 相似文献
937.
A general method is developed for optimal application of dampers and actuators by installing them at optimal location on seismic-resistant
structures. The study includes development of a statistical criterion, formulation of a general optimization problem and establishment
of a solution procedure. Numerical analysis of the seismic response in time-history of controlled structures is used to verify
the proposed method for optimal device application and to demonstrate the effectiveness of seismic response control with optimal
device location. This study shows that the proposed method for the optimal device application is simple and general, and that
the optimally applied dampers and actuators are very efficient for seismic response reduction. 相似文献
938.
939.
Che Yong-tai Yu Jin-zi Zhang Shu-liang Fan Xue-fang Guo Jun-jie Zhang Tian-yuan Yang Jin-lan 《地震学报(英文版)》2002,15(2):226-233
A lot of slow fluctuations of water level have been observed in the original recording maps of subsurface fluid in Well Shuozhou,
Shanxi Province. Some typical recording maps of the “precursors” are introduced in the paper and the features of the “precursors”
recorded by the well are analyzed. The results show that 38% strong earthquakes possess this kind of record, which has a fluctuation
period arranging from several to tens of minutes and appear mostly two days before the earthquakes. Moreover, the mechanism,
transmission and responding conditions of well water level are discussed, as well as the scientific meaning and practical
value of the “precursor” of the well water level in earthquake predictions.
Foundation item: State Natural Science Foundation of China (19973011). 相似文献
940.
Chai Chizhang Zhang Wenxiao Liao Yuhu Xu Wenjun Shen Xuhui Tian Qinjian Wei Kaibo Chen Zhengwei 《中国地震研究》2002,16(1):60-70
Based on the fitting on paleoearthquake data of intra-plate regions in the northern part of Chi-na and giving a statistical model of time interdependence,the potential damage earthquakes in a definite future period and characteristics of present shocks along the Lingwu fault have been analyzed by using dangerous probability function and some new data concerned.We have in-ferred that the fault has entered a period that earthquakes will probably occur.There exists a potential danger that a strong earthquake with Ms7.0-7.5 will occur in 10-100a. 相似文献