Studies on the solid acidity of heated and cation-exchanged montmorillonite using n-butylamine titration in non-aqueous system and diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared (DRIFT) spectroscopy     

Hongmei Liu  Dong Liu  Peng Yuan  Daoyong Tan  Jingong Cai  Hongping He  Jianxi Zhu  Zhiguang Song 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2013,40(6):479-489

The effects of heating and cation exchange on the solid acidity of montmorillonite were investigated using n-butylamine titration in non-aqueous system and diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The number of total, Brønsted, and Lewis acid sites showed the same modulation tendency with increasing heating temperature, reaching a maximum at 120 °C and subsequently decreasing until it reaches a minimum at 600 °C. The Lewis acid sites result from unsaturated Al³⁺ cations, and their number increased with the heating temperature due to the dehydration and dehydroxylation of montmorillonite. The generation and evolution of Brønsted acidity were mainly related to interlayer-polarized water molecules. Water adsorbed on the unsaturated Al³⁺ ions also acted as a Brønsted acid. The acid strength of the Brønsted acid sites was dependent on the polarization ability of the exchangeable cation, the amount of interlayer water, and the degree of dissociation of the interlayer water coordinated to exchangeable cations. All cation-exchanged montmorillonites exhibited different numbers of acid sites and various distributions of acid strength. Brønsted acidity was predominant in Al³⁺-exchanged montmorillonite, whereas the Na⁺- and K⁺-exchanged montmorillonites showed predominantly Lewis acidity. Moreover, Mg²⁺- and Li⁺-exchanged montmorillonites exhibited approximately equal numbers of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites. The Brønsted acidity of cation-exchanged montmorillonite was positively correlated with the charge-to-radius ratios of the cations, whereas the Lewis acidity was highly dependent on the electronegativity of the cations. The acid strengths of Al³⁺- and Mg²⁺-exchanged montmorillonites were remarkably higher than those of monovalent cation-exchanged montmorillonites, showing the highest acid strength (H ₀ ≤ ?3.0). Li⁺- and Na⁺-exchanged montmorillonites exhibited an acid strength distribution of ?3.0 < H ₀ ≤ 4.8, with the acid strength ranging primarily from 1.5 to 3.3 in Li⁺-exchanged montmorillonite, whereas only weaker-strength acid sites (1.5 < H ₀ ≤ 4.8) were present in K⁺-exchanged montmorillonite. The results of the catalysis experiments indicated that montmorillonite promoted the thermal decomposition of the model organic. The catalytic activity showed a positive correlation with the solid acidity of montmorillonite and was affected by cation exchange, which occurs naturally in geological processes.  相似文献   

Fractionation of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of gypsum hydration water and assessment of its geochemical indications     

H-B. Tan  J-Z. Huang  W-J. Zhang  X-Q. Liu  Y-F. Zhang  N. Kong 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(6):793-801

Fundamental knowledge of the isotopic fractionation between the hydration water and the mother solution and whether the primary information recorded in hydration water can be preserved or not in deposits or mines have long been unclear. In order to calculate the accurate hydrogen and oxygen isotopic fractionation factors between gypsum hydration water and its mother solution with new methods, to understand the mechanism of fractionation and synthetically assess the record-keeping abilities of the isotopic composition of hydration water during the process of diagenesis after deposition, experiments on the hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of gypsum hydration water and its mother solution at different isothermal temperatures from 5 to 50°C were systematically conducted. In addition, samples from two typical gypsum deposits formed in different environmental conditions were also determined. Results show that during gypsum crystallisation, both hydrogen and oxygen isotopes show significant fractionation between the hydration water and the mother solution. The calculated hydrogen isotopic fractionation factors are <1, while the oxygen isotopic fractionation factors are >1 at temperatures from 5 to 50°C. The fractionation factors show no functional relationships with temperature. Isotopic compositions of gypsum hydration water in arid lake sediments can be used to trace the source of water and primary deposit environmental information. However, the isotopic composition of the gypsum hydration water can easily be altered by dissolution and secondary precipitation of gypsum during later diagenesis, particularly in areas with humid climate and abundant groundwater. A very careful assessment on record-keeping abilities of the primary isotopic composition of hydration water in gypsum during later diagenesis must be considered before application.  相似文献   

中国北方沙漠/沙地锆石形态特征及其对物源的指示   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张瀚之  鹿化煜  弋双文  徐志伟  周亚利  谭红兵 《第四纪研究》2013,33(2)

单颗粒锆石的形态、颜色等特征记录了其母岩结晶过程的温度、压力、结晶介质的化学性质等信息,鉴定不同沙漠/沙地碎屑锆石的晶体形态特征可以指示沉积物的原岩类型,进而可以帮助追溯物源.本文分析了中国北方塔克拉玛干沙漠、巴丹吉林沙漠、腾格里沙漠、毛乌素沙地、浑善达克沙地、科尔沁沙地等6个沙漠/沙地36个地表样品的碎屑锆石形态特征.结果显示,同一沙漠/沙地样品锆石形态特征较为一致,而不同沙漠/沙地样品锆石形态有差异.塔克拉玛干沙漠锆石多为无色或淡紫色,包裹体较少,锆石颗粒锥面较发育,短柱状锆石含量较多,指示该沙漠物质主要来自其北缘天山山脉早中生代碱性花岗岩.巴丹吉林沙漠和腾格里沙漠锆石形态特征较类似,相比较而言巴丹吉林沙漠锆石多为淡粉色,形态上锥面较发育,较少见到包裹体;而腾格里沙漠锆石颗粒细长柱较多和含包裹体颗粒较多,这两个沙漠物质可能来自其南部中央造山带的变质岩和其北缘中亚造山带早中生代碱性花岗岩.毛乌素沙地多为深色、锥面发育和短柱状颗粒锆石较常见,含包裹体颗粒较多,该沙地物质主要来自其西北孔兹岩带以及北部阴山山脉碱性花岗岩.浑善达克沙地锆石形态似毛乌素沙地,指示其物源与毛乌素沙地类似.科尔沁沙地锆石磨蚀严重,扁柱状锆石颗粒较常见,指示该沙地物质大部分来自其南缘燕山山脉的显生宙浅海沉积岩.本研究表明碎屑锆石形态特征可以指示沙漠或沙地沉积物的源区.  相似文献   

风暴潮灾害风险评估研究综述   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

石先武  谭骏  国志兴  刘钦政 《地球科学进展》2013,28(8):866-874

我国是受风暴潮影响最严重的少数国家之一,风暴潮灾害致灾机理的研究在过去几十年取得了极大的进展,而风暴潮脆弱性评估和综合风险评估还不能满足风暴潮灾害风险管理的需求.系统总结了风暴潮危险性、脆弱性、综合风险评估及其应用的研究进展,重点分析了典型重现期风暴潮估计、可能最大风暴潮计算、风暴潮物理脆弱性和社会脆弱性评估以及风暴潮风险评估及其应用的研究进展及不足,并对我国风暴潮风险评估急需解决的问题以及未来的研究重点进行了展望,指出了风暴潮灾害风险评估的模型化、系统化、定量化是未来风暴潮风险评估研究的发展趋势,风暴潮灾害的未来风险评估还需考虑全球气候变化以及海平面上升等因素的影响,而风暴潮灾害承灾体脆弱性的定量评价是风暴潮综合风险评估的重点和难点.  相似文献   

南极威德尔海西北区域的冰-气拖曳系数和脊帆形拖曳力分析          下载免费PDF全文

谭冰张新刚  王骁力卢鹏 李志军 《极地研究》2018,30(4):370-375

基于机载激光高度计测得的南极威德尔海西北区域冬季海冰表面起伏数据,结合脊帆形态参数和空间分布对中性条件(大气层处于中性平衡态)下对应10m高度处风速的冰-气拖曳系数Cdn(10)和脊帆形拖曳力Fd的参数化方案进行了改进,并探讨了冰-气拖曳系数Cdn(10)和脊帆形拖曳力对总拖曳力的贡献随脊帆强度(脊帆高度与间距的比值,其中脊帆高度是指脊帆顶点到平整冰面的垂直距离,脊帆间距是指相邻两个脊帆顶点之间的距离)和冰面粗糙长度的变化情况。结果表明,冰-气拖曳系数Cdn(10)随脊帆强度增大呈递增趋势,对较小的脊帆强度,Cdn(10)随粗糙长度的增大而增大,但脊帆强度较大时,Cdn(10)随粗糙长度减小而增大,即存在某一脊帆强度阈值,使Cdn(10)在该阈值两侧随粗糙长度的变化趋势相反;脊帆形拖曳力对总拖曳力的贡献随脊帆强度减小而减小,随着粗糙长度增大而减小。通过分析发现,造成以上不同变化趋势的主要原因是:随着脊帆强度的增大,摩拖曳力在总拖曳力中的优势地位逐渐由形拖曳力代替。  相似文献   

我国低硒带典型景观植物硒的研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

黄毅坚  谭见安 《地理学报》1990,45(4):451-456

本研究在我国低硒带的东北端和西南端分别选取了针阔叶混交林景观和云南松林景观,并且在低硒带内的克山病和大骨节病非病区与东南非病带选取了落叶阔叶林景观和马尾松林景观为对照景观,系统地采集了上述各不同景观的主要植物和土壤,对硒进行了分析。结果发现,在我国低硒带的东北瑞和西南瑞景观的主要植物含硒量显著地低于对照景观,同时景观内土壤硒也明显地低于划分我国低硒生态景观的阈值,从天然植物的角度进一步对我国低硒带客观存在这一科学论断进行了补充。  相似文献   

旋链角毛藻对中肋骨条藻化感作用的影响因素   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张议文  王江涛  谭丽菊 《海洋学报》2014,36(2):123-129

在已知旋链角毛藻对中肋骨条藻具有化感作用的前提下,进行了温度、生长时期、光照、细菌等因素对旋链角毛藻化感作用的影响、化感物质的萃取及粗提物对中肋骨条藻的化感效应检验等实验,研究了旋链角毛藻化感物质的性质、降解特点,并初步测定了化感物质的结构。结果表明:旋链角毛藻化感作用与生长时期有关,指数期滤液化感作用强于衰亡期;旋链角毛藻的化感物质在50℃以下保持稳定,光和细菌均引起旋链角毛藻化感物质的降解,且细菌降解强于光降解;旋链角毛藻的乙酸乙酯萃取物具有明显的化感活性,该萃取物在255～260 nm处有特征吸收峰。综合以上结果,推测旋链角毛藻化感物质可能为分解温度在50℃以上的易被光和细菌降解的苯衍生物,从极性上看较易溶于乙酸乙酯。  相似文献   

Enhanced Arctic Ice Concentration Estimation Merging MODIS Ice Surface Temperature and SSM/I Sea-Ice Concentration     

Wenxia Tan  K. Andrea Scott  Ellsworth LeDrew 《大气与海洋》2014,52(2):115-124

Ice concentration data from passive microwave sensors are not reliable during the summer melt season. In this study passive microwave ice concentration estimates are improved upon through the assimilation of ice surface temperature data from the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Ice concentration from the analysis is converted to ice extent and compared with data from the Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS). Ice concentration analysis from data assimilation is in better agreement with the IMS data than the original passive microwave data, with the largest improvements occurring during sea-ice melt.  相似文献   

Evolution of meteorological drought characteristics in Vietnam during the 1961–2007 period     

Hang Vu-Thanh  Thanh Ngo-Duc  Tan Phan-Van 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2014,118(3):367-375

The drought conditions over the seven sub-climatological regions in Vietnam are examined using three meteorological drought indices: de Martonne J, PED, and Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). According to the seasonal probabilities of drought occurrence estimated by the de Martonne index, droughts mainly occur between November and March in all the sub-regions. The PED index and the SPI index generally show high probabilities of drought occurrence from April to August and from May to October, respectively. In the southern sub-regions of Vietnam, droughts more frequently occur in El Niño years and wet conditions are more frequently observed in La Niña years. However, such El Niño–Southern Oscillation influences are not clearly observed in the northern sub-regions. During 1961–2007, droughts significantly increased in the northern part of Vietnam. In the southern regions, PED shows increasing drought conditions while J and SPI show decreasing drought trends for almost all the stations.  相似文献   

Copula函数在广西洪涝灾害的降水概率预测中的应用     

倪增华  刘合香  罗彦丽  谭金凯 《气象研究与应用》2014,(2):32-39

为了研究洪涝的重要致灾源因子降水的概率,利用广西从1970年-2012年的降水数据,以年降水均值（X）和年降水极值均值（Y）为研究变量,通过Copula函数构建其联合分布.经过OLS,AIC拟合优度评价,采用Copula函数中拟合效果较好的Gumbel-Hougaard Copula函数建立边缘分布为Pearson-Ⅲ型的两变量的联合分布.随后,进行相应的重现期计算,计算结果表明,在联合重现期下的两变量降水设计值比单变量设计值和同现重现期下的设计值都要高,故采用联合重现期下的联合设计值作为防洪标准会更加安全.最后,对比降水数据与灾情数据,研究降水重现期与洪涝灾情的关系.结果表明,降水的重现期越长,洪涝灾害也越严重.  相似文献