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71.
The effects of black carbon and sulphate aerosols in China regions on East Asia monsoons 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
By YU LIU JIAREN SUN BAI YANG 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2009,61(4):642-656
In this paper, we examine the direct effects of sulphate and black carbon (BC) aerosols in China on East Asia monsoons and its precipitation processes by using the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) 3.0 model. It is demonstrated that sulphate and BC aerosols in China both have the effects to weaken East Asia monsoons in both summer and winter seasons. However, they certainly differ from each other in affecting vertical structures of temperature and atmospheric circulations. Their differences are expected because of their distinct optical properties, that is, scattering versus absorbing. Even for a single type of aerosol, its effects on temperature structures and atmospheric circulations are largely season-dependent. Applications of T -test on our results indicate that forcing from BC aerosols over China is relatively weak and limited. It is also evident from our results that the effects of synthetic aerosols (sulphate and BC together) on monsoons are not simply a linear summation between these two types of aerosols. Instead, they are determined by their integrated optical properties. Synthetic aerosols to a large degree resemble effects of sulphate aerosols. This implies a likely scattering property for the integration of BC and sulphate aerosols in China. 相似文献
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By LAUREN ELMEGREEN RAFELSKI STEPHEN C. PIPER RALPH F. KEELING 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2009,61(5):718-731
The buildup of atmospheric CO2 since 1958 is surprisingly well explained by the simple premise that 57% of the industrial emissions (fossil fuel burning and cement manufacture) has remained airborne. This premise accounts well for the rise both before and after 1980 despite a decrease in the growth rate of fossil fuel CO2 emissions, which occurred at that time, and by itself should have caused the airborne fraction to decrease. In contrast, the buildup prior to 1958 was not simply proportional to cumulative fossil fuel emissions, and notably included a period during the 1940s when CO2 growth stalled despite continued fossil fuel emissions. Here we show that the constancy of the airborne fraction since 1958 can be in part explained by decadal variations in global land air temperature, which caused a warming-induced release of CO2 from the land biosphere to the atmosphere. We also show that the 1940s plateau may be related to these decadal temperature variations. Furthermore, we show that there is a close connection between the phenomenology producing CO2 variability on multidecadal and El Niño timescales. 相似文献
73.
By S. SCHMITT A. HANSELMANN U. WOLLSCHLÄGER S. HAMMER I. LEVIN 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2009,61(2):416-423
Enclosure measurements have been performed on a bare mineral soil at an experimental field site near Heidelberg, Germany. From observed molecular hydrogen (H2 ) mixing ratio changes in the enclosure, deposition velocities were calculated ranging from 8.4 × 10−3 to 8.2 × 10−2 cm s−1 and with an annual mean value of 3.1 × 10−2 cm s−1 . In the studied range of 2– 27 °C , the uptake showed a significant temperature dependence. However, this turned out not to be the primary driving mechanism of the uptake flux. Soil moisture content, co-varying with temperature, was identified as the major parameter being responsible for the diffusive permeability of H2 in the soil and the final rate of H2 uptake. A simple Millington–Quirk diffusion model approach could largely explain this behaviour and yielded a diffusion path length of H2 in the studied soil of only 0.2–1.8 cm, suggesting that total H2 consumption occurs within the first few centimetres of the soil. The diffusion model, when applied to continuous measurements of soil moisture content, atmospheric pressure, temperature and the mixing ratio of H2 in the atmosphere, could largely reproduce the measured deposition flux densities, assuming a mean thickness of the diffusion path length of 0.7 cm. 相似文献
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By E. DARELIUS L. H. SMEDSRUD S. ØSTERHUS A. FOLDVIK T. GAMMELSRØD 《地球，A辑:动力气象学与海洋学》2009,61(3):446-464
Properties of the dense ice shelf water plume emerging from the Filchner Depression in the southwestern Weddell Sea are described, using available current meter records and CTD stations. A mean hydrography, based on more than 300 CTD stations gathered over 25 yr points to a cold, relatively thin and vertically well-defined plume east of the two ridges cross-cutting the continental slope about 60 km from the Filchner sill, whereas the dense bottom layer is warmer, more stratified and much thicker west of these ridges. The data partly confirm the three major pathways suggested earlier and agree with recent theories on topographic steering by submarine ridges. A surprisingly high mesoscale variability in the overflow region is documented and discussed. The variability is to a large extent due to three distinct oscillations (with periods of about 35 h, 3 and 6 d) seen in both temperature and velocity records on the slope. The oscillations are episodic, barotropic and have a horizontal scale of ∼20–40 km across the slope. They are partly geographically separated, with the longer period being stronger on the lower part of the slope and the shorter on the upper part of the slope. Energy levels are lower west of the ridges, and in the Filchner Depression. The observations are discussed in relation to existing theories on eddies, commonly generated in plumes, and continental shelf waves. 相似文献
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Different climatic simulations have been obtained by using a 2‐Dim horizontal energy balance model (EBM), which has been constrained to satisfy several extremal principles on dissipation and convection. Moreover, 2 different versions of the model with fixed and variable cloud‐cover have been used. The assumption of an extremal type of behaviour for the climatic system can acquire additional support depending on the similarities found with measured data for past conditions as well as with usual projections for possible future scenarios. 相似文献
78.
We analyse the lifetimes (persistence) of circulation types using 23 classifications (of which 18 are objective and 5 subjective) in the period 1957–2002 over Europe and its subregions. The objective catalogues are developed on the same gridded climatic data (ECMWF ERA-40 reanalysis) but differ in the classification method used and in the number of synoptic types. Significant seasonal trends in the lifetime (both positive and negative) are fairly scarce and are present in all seasons in the manual catalogues only. In the subjective Hess–Brezowsky catalogue, there is an abrupt shift toward higher persistence in 1986, whereas in the Hungarian manual catalogue, a smaller but significant negative shift took place in the same year. These statistical inconsistencies probably result from inhomogeneities in the subjective catalogues. Our results suggest that the increase in the persistence of circulation types reported recently in several papers for the Hess–Brezowsky catalogue is an artefact rather than a real feature. 相似文献
79.
By D. A. HEGG D. S. COVERT H. H. JONSSON R. WOODS 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2009,61(4):669-676
Aerosol samples were collected and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations at five supersaturations were measured along and off the central California coast within the cloud-topped, marine boundary layer from aircraft flights during August 2007. Receptor modelling has been applied to estimate the natural versus anthropogenic source contribution of cloud condensation nuclei in this region, a region of climatically important marine stratocumulus. The results suggest that anthropogenic CCN accounted for about 50% of the CCN active at 0.3% supersaturation in this region during the measurement period. 相似文献
80.
Ensemble sensitivity has been recently proposed as an alternative cheap approach to sensitivity analysis. We adapt it to compute climatological sensitivity estimates of intense Mediterranean cyclones using a climatology based of the ECMWF ERA-40 fields. A catalogue of 1202 events, objectively detected and classified in 25 clusters, is used in this study. Sensitivity fields are derived for each intense Mediterranean cyclone type by correlating the precursor conditions with the mature cyclones depths. Corrections to the raw sensitivity estimates are applied by means of the correlation coefficient. Further, a normalization based on the climatological spatial variability of the variance of the precursor conditions is used to derive the final sensitivity fields. The 24 h sensitivity information derived for each intense Mediterranean cyclone type is easily interpretable both in amplitude and distribution. A synthetic result combining the sensitivity fields for all 25 intense Mediterranean cyclone classes shows that the evolution of these high-impact systems 24 h prior to its maturity stage depends largely on structures located over Western Europe, the Northern African lands and parts of east North Atlantic. These results are in agreement and complement with previous results obtained with the expensive adjoint model, although further work is needed to objectively verify the results. 相似文献