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61.
Mark E. Hervig Larry L. Gordley Michael H. Stevens James M. Russell Scott M. Bailey Gerd Baumgarten 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2009,71(3-4):316-330
The Solar Occultation For Ice Experiment (SOFIE) was launched onboard the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) spacecraft to measure polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) and their environment. This work describes methods for identifying PMCs in SOFIE observations and determining mass density, particle shape, particle effective radius, and the parameters of a Gaussian size distribution. Results using SOFIE measurements from the northern summer of 2007 are compared with concurrent observations by the ALOMAR lidar in northern Norway. Ice particle properties determined from SOFIE are in good agreement with the lidar results, considering the differences in instrument characteristics. 相似文献
62.
Field measurements of wave ripples and megaripples were made with a Sand Ripple Profiler in the surf and shoaling zones of a sandy macrotidal dissipative beach at Perranporth, UK in depths 1–6 m and significant wave heights up to 2.2 m. A frequency domain partitioning approach allowed quantification of height (η), length (λ) and migration rate of ripples and megaripples. Wave ripples with heights up to 2 cm and wavelengths ~20 cm developed in low orbital velocity conditions (u m?<?0.65 m/s) with mobility number ψ?<?25. Wave ripple heights decreased with increasing orbital velocity and were flattened when mean currents were >0.1 m/s. Wave ripples were superimposed on top of megaripples (η?=?10 cm, λ?=?1 m) and contributed up to 35 % of the total bed roughness. Large megaripples with heights up to 30 cm and lengths 1–1.8 m developed when the orbital velocity was 0.5–0.8 m/s, corresponding to mobility numbers 25–50. Megaripple heights and wavelengths increased with orbital velocity but reduced when mean current strengths were >0.15 m/s. Wave ripple and megaripple migrations were generally onshore directed in the shoaling and surf zones. Onshore ripple migration rates increased with onshore-directed (+ve) incident wave skewness. The onshore migration rate reduced as offshore-directed mean flows (undertow) increased in strength and reached zero when the offshore-directed mean flow was >0.15 m/s. The migration pattern was therefore linked to cross-shore position relative to the surf zone, controlled by competition between onshore-directed velocity skewness and offshore-directed mean flow. 相似文献
63.
Bluhm Hartmut Borowski Christian Ahnert Ahmed Vopel Kay Schriever Gerd Thiel Hjalmar 《Ocean Dynamics》1999,51(10):149-152
Ocean Dynamics - Das Ökosystem der Tiefsee wird zunehmend durch industrielle Eingriffe beeinflusst. Über die Auswirkungen dieser Aktivitäten auf das Benthos wurden bisher nur... 相似文献
64.
The Atmospheric Boundary Layer Over Baltic Sea Ice 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Burghard?BrümmerEmail author Amèlie?Kirchg??ner Gerd?Müller 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2005,117(1):91-109
A new parametrization for the surface energy balance of urban areas is presented. It is shown that this new method can represent some of the important urban phenomena, such as an urban heat island and the occurrence of a near-neutral nocturnal boundary layer with associated positive turbulent heat fluxes, unlike the traditional method for representing urban areas within operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. The basis of the new parametrization is simple and can be applied easily within an operational NWP model. Also, it has no additional computational expense compared to the traditional scheme and is hence applicable for operational forecasting requirements. The results show that the errors for London within the Met Office operational mesoscale model have been significantly reduced since the new scheme was introduced. The bias and root-mean-square (rms) errors have been approximately halved, with the rms error now similar to the model as a whole. The results also show that a seasonal cycle still exists in the model errors, but it is suggested that this may be caused by anthropogenic heat sources that are neglected in the urban scheme.The British Crowns right to retain a non-exclusive royalty-free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged. 相似文献
65.
Dirk?Sachse Jens?Radke Reinhard?Gaupp Lorenz?Schwark Guido?Lüniger Gerd?GleixnerEmail author 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2004,93(4):554-564
For the first time 18O and 13C values from carbonates and D values of individual n-alkanes were used to reconstruct palaeohydrological conditions in a lagoon at the southern margin of the Central European Zechstein Basin (CEZB). A 12-m core covering the complete Ca2 interval and adjacent anhydrites (A1 and A2) was analyzed for 18O and 13C values of dolomitized carbonates and D values of individual n-alkanes. 18Ocarb values (+2 to +5 vs. VPDB) were strongly influenced by evaporation and temporal freshwater input into the lagoon. The 13Ccarb values (–1 to +4 vs. VPDB) were controlled mainly by changes in primary production. Both isotopic ratios show an inverse relationship throughout most of the core, contradicting diagenetic alteration, since 13Ccarb values are not altered significantly during dolomitization. Assuming a temperature range of 35–40 °C in the lagoon, 18Ocarb values of +2.5 to +8 (vs. VSMOW) for the lagoonal water can be reconstructed. The lagoon may have desiccated twice during the Ca2 interval, as indicated by very high 18Ocarb and low 13Ccarb values, coinciding with increasing amount of anhydrite in the analyzed sample. These events seem to reflect not just local but a regional intra-Ca2 cyclicity. Measured D values of the short-chain n-alkanes, namely n-C16 and n-C18 which are widely used as indicators for photosynthetic bacterial and algal input, reflect the isotopic composition of the lagoonal water. Assuming constant fractionation during incorporation of hydrogen into lipids of –160, an average D value of +70 (vs. VSMOW) can be reconstructed for the lagoonal water, accounting for very arid conditions. The long-chain n-alkanes n-C27, n-C28, n-C29 and n-C30, thought to be derived from the leaf waxes of terrestrial higher plants, were shown to be depleted in D relative to the short-chain alkanes, therefore indicating a different hydrogen source. Terrestrial plants in arid areas mainly use water supplied by precipitation. By using a smaller fractionation of –120 due to evaporation processes in the leaves, reconstructed values vary between –74 and –9 (vs. VSMOW). These values are not indicating extremely arid conditions, implying that the long-chain n-alkanes were transported trough wind and/or rivers into the lagoon at the Zechstein Sea coast. Dwater values, reconstructed using the n-C16 alkane and 18O water values, independently reconstructed on the same sample using the temperature dependant fractionation for dolomites are good agreement and suggest high amounts of evaporation affecting the coastal lagoon. Altogether, our results indicate that hydrogen isotopic ratios of n-alkanes give information on their origin and are a useful proxy for palaeoclimatic reconstruction. 相似文献
66.
67.
68.
Gerd W. Prlss 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2008,70(18):2374-2380
In the dayside polar region—loosely referred to as the cleft region—particle precipitation and Joule heating cause significant perturbations of the upper atmosphere. Here Dynamics Explorer-2 satellite data are used to present a synopsis of these disturbance effects. Documented are an increase in electron temperature and a decrease in electron density; increases in ion drift speed and ion temperature; an increase in the upward-directed ion velocity; increases in zonal wind speed and neutral gas temperature; and changes in the neutral gas composition and mass density. It is suggested that the increase in electron temperature is partly controlled by the decrease in electron density; that the ion upflow velocity mainly depends on the electron temperature, less frequently on the ion temperature; and that the observed decrease in thermospheric mass density is due to a decrease in the atomic oxygen density, which in turn is caused by diverging wind flows. 相似文献
69.
Aidan Foley Gerd Cachandt Janine Franklin Fergus Willmore Tim Atkinson 《Hydrogeology Journal》2012,20(3):483-498
The Corallian limestone of northern England (UK) is widely exploited for water supplies and exhibits the karstic phenomena of sinking rivers, conduit development and groundwater velocities of several kilometres per day. To test a number of model-derived source protection zones and elucidate contaminant transport mechanisms in the aquifer, three tracer tests were conducted from a set of swallow-holes draining the River Derwent toward public water supply wells in the eastern part of the aquifer. Tracers used included: Enterobacter cloacae (bacteriophage), Photine C (optical brightener), sodium fluorescein (fluorescent dye) and sulphur hexafluoride (dissolved gas), the varying properties of which make them suitable analogues for different types of potential contaminant. Observed tracer transport times and arrival patterns indicate that tracer transport occurs through karstic channels embedded in a network of primary fissures which exert control over tracer concentrations once initial tracer plumes have passed. A dipole flow system is observed between the swallow-holes and the closest abstraction well, whilst previously modelled source protection zones do not accurately reflect either groundwater velocity or those areas of the aquifer supplying the wells. These findings imply that managing such aquifers for potential contamination should rely upon empirical tracer evidence for source-protection zone modelling. 相似文献
70.
Towards an integrated arid zone water management using simulation-based optimisation 总被引:5,自引:3,他引:2
Jens Grundmann Niels Schütze Gerd H. Schmitz Saif Al-Shaqsi 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,65(5):1381-1394
For ensuring both optimal sustainable water resources management and long-term planning in a changing arid environment, we
propose an integrated Assessment-, Prognoses-, Planning- and Management tool (APPM). The new APPM integrates the complex interactions
of the strongly nonlinear meteorological, hydrological and agricultural phenomena, considering the socio-economic aspects.
It aims at achieving best possible solutions for water allocation, groundwater storage and withdrawals including saline water
management together with a substantial increase of the water use efficiency employing novel optimisation strategies for irrigation
control and scheduling. To obtain a robust and fast operation of the water management system, it unites process modeling with
artificial intelligence tools and evolutionary optimisation techniques for managing both water quality and quantity. We demonstrate
some key components of our methodology by an exemplary application to the south Al-Batinah region in the Sultanate of Oman
which is affected by saltwater intrusion into a coastal aquifer due to excessive groundwater withdrawal for irrigated agriculture.
We show the effectiveness and functionality of a new simulation-based water management system for the optimisation and evaluation
of different irrigation practices, crop pattern and resulting abstraction scenarios. The results of several optimisation runs
indicate that due to contradicting objectives, such as profit-oriented agriculture versus aquifer sustainability only a multi-objective
optimisation can provide sustainable solutions for the management of the water resources in respect of the environment as
well as the socio-economic development. 相似文献