Calibrating a glaciological model of the Greenland ice sheet from the Last Glacial Maximum to present-day using field observations of relative sea level and ice extent     

Matthew J.R. Simpson  Glenn A. Milne  Philippe Huybrechts  Antony J. Long 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2009,28(17-18):1631-1657

We constrain a three-dimensional thermomechanical model of Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) evolution from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21 ka BP) to the present-day using, primarily, observations of relative sea level (RSL) as well as field data on past ice extent. Our new model (Huy2) fits a majority of the observations and is characterised by a number of key features: (i) the ice sheet had an excess volume (relative to present) of 4.1 m ice-equivalent sea level at the LGM, which increased to reach a maximum value of 4.6 m at 16.5 ka BP; (ii) retreat from the continental shelf was not continuous around the entire margin, as there was a Younger Dryas readvance in some areas. The final episode of marine retreat was rapid and relatively late (c. 12 ka BP), leaving the ice sheet land based by 10 ka BP; (iii) in response to the Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM) the ice margin retreated behind its present-day position by up to 80 km in the southwest, 20 km in the south and 80 km in a small area of the northeast. As a result of this retreat the modelled ice sheet reaches a minimum extent between 5 and 4 ka BP, which corresponds to a deficit volume (relative to present) of 0.17 m ice-equivalent sea level. Our results suggest that remaining discrepancies between the model and the observations are likely associated with non-Greenland ice load, differences between modelled and observed present-day ice elevation around the margin, lateral variations in Earth structure and/or the pattern of ice margin retreat.  相似文献   

Relative sea‐level observations in western Scotland since the Last Glacial Maximum for testing models of glacial isostatic land movements and ice‐sheet reconstructions     

Ian Shennan  Sarah Hamilton  Caroline Hillier  Amanda Hunter  Ruth Woodall  Sarah Bradley  Glenn Milne  Anthony Brooks  Sophie Bassett 《第四纪科学杂志》2006,21(6):601-613

Observations of relative sea‐level change and local deglaciation in western Scotland provide critical constraints for modelling glacio‐isostatic rebound in northern Britain over the last 18 000 years. The longest records come from Skye, Arisaig and Knapdale with a shorter, Holocene, record from Kintail. Biostratigraphic (diatom, pollen, dinoflagellate, foraminifera and thecamoebian), lithological and radiocarbon analyses provide age and elevation parameters for each sea‐level index point. All four sites reveal relative sea‐level change that is highly non‐monotonic in time as the local vertical component of glacio‐isostatic rebound and eustasy (or global meltwater influx) dominate at different periods. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Relative sea‐level changes,glacial isostatic modelling and ice‐sheet reconstructions from the British Isles since the Last Glacial Maximum     

Ian Shennan  Sarah Bradley  Glenn Milne  Anthony Brooks  Sophie Bassett  Sarah Hamilton 《第四纪科学杂志》2006,21(6):585-599

While contributing <1 m equivalent eustatic sea‐level rise the British Isles ice sheet produced glacio‐isostatic rebound in northern Britain of similar magnitude to eustatic sea‐level change, or global meltwater influx, over the last 18 000 years. The resulting spatially variable relative sea‐level changes combine with observations from far‐field locations to produce a rigorous test for quantitative models of glacial isostatic adjustment, local ice‐sheet history and global meltwater influx. After a review of the attributes of relative sea‐level observations significant for constraining large‐scale models of the isostatic adjustment process we summarise long records of relative sea‐level change from the British Isles and far‐field locations. We give an overview of different global theoretical models of the isostatic adjustment process before presenting intercomparisons of observed and predicted relative sea levels at sites in the British Isles and far‐field for a range of Earth and ice model parameters in order to demonstrate model sensitivity and the resolving power available from using evidence from the British Isles. For the first time we show a good degree of fit between relative sea‐level observations and predictions that are based upon global Earth and ice model parameters, independently derived from analysis of far‐field data, with a terrain‐corrected model of the British Isles ice sheet that includes extensive glaciation of the North Sea and western continental shelf, that does not assume isostatic equilibrium at the Last Glacial Maximum and keeps to trimline constraints of ice surface elevation. We do not attempt to identify a unique solution for the model lithosphere thickness parameter or the local‐scale detail of the ice model in order to provide a fit for all sites, but argue that the next stage should be to incorporate an ice‐sheet model that is based on quantitative, glaciological model simulations. We hope that this paper will stimulate this debate and help to integrate research in glacial geomorphology, glaciology, sea‐level change, Earth rheology and quantitative modelling. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Magma at depth: a retrospective analysis of the 1975 unrest at Mount Baker,Washington, USA     

Juliet G. Crider  David Frank  Stephen D. Malone  Michael P. Poland  Cynthia Werner  Jacqueline Caplan-Auerbach 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2011,73(2):175-189

Mount Baker volcano displayed a short interval of seismically-quiescent thermal unrest in 1975, with high emissions of magmatic gas that slowly waned during the following three decades. The area of snow-free ground in the active crater has not returned to pre-unrest levels, and fumarole gas geochemistry shows a decreasing magmatic signature over that same interval. A relative microgravity survey revealed a substantial gravity increase in the ~30 years since the unrest, while deformation measurements suggest slight deflation of the edifice between 1981–83 and 2006–07. The volcano remains seismically quiet with regard to impulsive volcano-tectonic events, but experiences shallow (<3 km) low-frequency events likely related to glacier activity, as well as deep (>10 km) long-period earthquakes. Reviewing the observations from the 1975 unrest in combination with geophysical and geochemical data collected in the decades that followed, we infer that elevated gas and thermal emissions at Mount Baker in 1975 resulted from magmatic activity beneath the volcano: either the emplacement of magma at mid-crustal levels, or opening of a conduit to a deep existing source of magmatic volatiles. Decadal-timescale, multi-parameter observations were essential to this assessment of magmatic activity.  相似文献   

The Natural Resource Management Planning Portal: Perspectives for NRM Planning and Reporting     

Birgita D. Hansen  Peter G. Dahlhaus  Robert G. Milne  Andrew D. MacLeod  Chris Pitfield 《社会与自然资源》2019,32(6):709-719

Natural Resource Management (NRM) is often conducted as a partnership between government and citizens. In Australia, government agencies formulate policy and fund implementation that may be delivered on-ground by community groups (such as Landcare). Since the late 1980s, over AUS$8b of Commonwealth investment has been made in NRM. However, quantitative evidence of environmental improvements is lacking. The NRM Planning Portal has been developed to (1) provide an online spatial information system for sharing Landcare and agency data; and (2) to facilitate NRM priority setting at local and regional planning scales. While the project successfully federates Landcare NRM activity data, challenges included (1) unstructured, non-standardized data, meaning that quantitative reporting against strategic objectives is not currently possible, and (2) a lack of common understanding about the value proposition for adopting the portal approach. Demonstrating the benefit of technology adoption is a key lesson for digital NRM planning.  相似文献   

Extreme differentiation in the proterozoic Gjerstad-Morkeheia Complex of South Norway     

K. P. Milne  I. C. Starmer 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1982,79(4):381-393

The Gjerstad-Morkeheia Complex contains a series of highly differentiated, iron and alkali enriched intrusions. The rocks range from basic to acid compositions and were variably mylonitised (under anhydrous conditions) before being metamorphosed (and hydrated) at upper amphibolite facies grade. They now form a series of ironenriched metagabbros, metadiorites and granodioritic gneisses, together with granitic and charnockitic augen gneisses. The augen formed by shearing of original megacrysts in the igneous rocks. A major mylonite zone formed at the same time.The rocks are enriched in Fe, Mn, K, Na, Ti, Zr, Ba, P, La, Ce and impoverished in Mg, V, Ni, Cr and are considered to result from extreme differentiation of an alkaline magma. They are interpreted in terms of a two-stage model, with the intrusion of several fractionated batches of magma, each of which differentiated in situ.The rocks show some affinities with other Proterozoic complexes, particularly some anorthosite-monzonite-charnockite suites (e.g. in SW Norway and in the Grenville Province) and differentiated alkaline suites (e.g. in the Gardar Province of South Greenland).The intrusions were anorogenic and emplaced in rocks which had been metamorphosed (between 1,600 and 1,500 Ma). Subsequent thrusting and mylonitisation was followed by crustal thinning and attempted rifting with widespread intrusion of basic rocks (around 1,200 Ma). The rifting was aborted by the onset of the Sveconorwegian (Grenvillian) orogeny and probably relates to similar basic intrusive activity elsewhere in the Proterozoic supercontinent which was ultimately, successfully broken up after the Grenville orogeny.  相似文献   

Late Holocene sea-level changes and isostatic crustal movements in Atlantic Canada     

W. Roland Gehrels  Glenn A. Milne  Jason R. Kirby  R. Timothy Patterson  D.F.Daniel F. Belknap 《Quaternary International》2004,120(1):79

It has long been recognised that sea levels along the shores of Atlantic Canada have been rising rapidly during the Holocene in response to isostatic crustal movements. New sea-level data for the Bay of Fundy coast of southern New Brunswick (Little Dipper Harbour) and the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia (Chezzetcook Inlet) show that late Holocene average rates of sea-level rise in these areas have been 1.0 and 2.5 m per 1000 yr, respectively. Numerical model calculations suggest that the high rates of sea-level rise are due to crustal subsidence produced by the combined effects of Laurentide ice loading (forebulge collapse) and ocean loading of the Scotian shelf. Although ice loading is the dominant contributor to the regional sea-level pattern, ocean loading is also important, contributing up to 40% of the total crustal subsidence in some areas. Tide gauges record rates of sea-level rise during the 20^th century that are 0.7–1.9 mm/yr higher than late Holocene trends, with the highest residuals occurring in the Bay of Fundy.  相似文献   

Does scientific conjecture accurately describe restoration practice? Insight from an international river restoration survey     

Joseph M Wheaton  Stephen E Darby  David A Sear  Jim A Milne 《Area》2006,38(2):128-142

Few sources exist to draw generalizations about the incredibly diverse international river restoration community. Generalizations in the restoration literature tend to be grounded on individual experiences or logical conjecture. To fill this perceived gap, an international web-based survey was launched. Over 500 respondents from 37 different countries participated. The results, posted on the web, act as a database of perceptions and individual experiences, from which the restoration community can make their own interpretations. With three examples, we contrast scientific conjecture with the perceptions of the restoration community who participated in this survey.  相似文献   

20th Century sea-level change along the eastern US: Unravelling the contributions from steric changes, Greenland ice sheet mass balance and Late Pleistocene glacial loading     

Leanne Wake  Glenn Milne  Eric Leuliette 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2006,250(3-4):572-580

We have considered the influence of ocean temperature and salinity changes, mass changes of the Greenland ice sheet (GIS) and the isostatic response of the solid earth to the most recent glacial cycle on 20th century sea-level change along the US east coast with the intention of better understanding the observed signal as well as determining the potential of the tide gauge data for constraining the recent (past 50–100 yr) mass balance of the GIS and earth viscosity structure. Our results show that the signal due to steric changes is large and displays a complex spatial variation which can account for a significant portion of the observed signal. In contrast, that due to changes in the GIS is relatively small and insensitive to the specific geometry of the mass balance model adopted. As a consequence, the tide gauge data alone are not capable of providing useful constraints on either the magnitude or form of recent GIS mass balance. Our inference of mantle viscosity structure based on the tide gauge data was affected dramatically when the steric effect was accounted for: An earth model with an upper mantle viscosity of 8 × 10¹⁹ Pa s and a lower mantle viscosity of 5 × 10²² Pa s produced the best fit to the steric-corrected data; the optimal fit to the uncorrected data was obtained for upper and lower mantle viscosities of 5 × 10²⁰ Pa s and 10²² Pa s, respectively.  相似文献   

The Mgeni granite: an example of the Megacrystic mantled-feldspar granite-charnockite Intrusives in southeastern Africa     

A. Kerr  G. C. Milne 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1994,50(1-3):139-155

Summary Megacrystic granites which form the Oribi Gorge Suite of southern Natal show many features that closely resemble the rapakivi granite—charnockite associations of the northern hemisphere. Detailed studies of the late-kinematic Mgeni batholith indicate that the granitic rocks can be divided into three major groups, characterised by distinctive mafic mineralogy, chemistry and isotopic ratios. The batholith consists of biotite ±garnet granites and of hornblende ± pyroxene granitoids. A high silica, coarse-grained leucogranite, the Nqwadolo granite, intrudes the core of the batholith. Most rocks are garnetiferous and appear to belong to the ilmenite-series of granites. The granites are classified as rapakivi-like granites.

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Der Mgeni Granit—Ein Beispiel megakrystischer feldspatummantelter Granit-Charnokit intrusiva im südöstlichen Afrika

Zusammenfassung Megakrystische Granite aus der Oribi Gorge Suite des südlichen Natal zeigen vielerlei Ähnlichkeiten mit den Rapakivigranit-Charnokitabfolgen der nördlichen Hemisphäre. Detailstudien des spätkinematisch intrudierten Mgeni-Batholiten zeigen, daß diese granitischen Gesteine in drei Hauptgruppen, die durch unterschiedliche mafische Mineralzusammensetzung, Chemismus und Isotopenverhältnissen charakterisiert werden, untergliedert werden können. Der Batholith wird aus Biotit± Granat-Graniten und aus Hornblende ± Pyroxen-Granitoiden aufgebaut. Ein siliziumreicher, grobkörniger Leukogranit, der Nqwaldolo Granit, intrudierte in den Kern des Batholithen. Die meisten Gesteine sind granatführend und scheinen den Graniten der ilmenite series zuzurechnen zu sein. Die Granite sind als Rapakivi-Granite zu klassifizieren.

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