The role of atmospheric nuclear explosions on the stagnation of global warming in the mid 20th century     

Yoshiaki Fujii 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2011,73(5-6):643-652

This study suggests that the cause of the stagnation in global warming in the mid 20th century was the atmospheric nuclear explosions detonated between 1945 and 1980. The estimated GST drop due to fine dust from the actual atmospheric nuclear explosions based on the published simulation results by other researchers (a single column model and Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Model) has served to explain the stagnation in global warming. Atmospheric nuclear explosions can be regarded as full-scale in situ tests for nuclear winter. The non-negligible amount of GST drop from the actual atmospheric explosions suggests that nuclear winter is not just a theory but has actually occurred, albeit on a small scale. The accuracy of the simulations of GST by IPCC would also be improved significantly by introducing the influence of fine dust from the actual atmospheric nuclear explosions into their climate models; thus, global warming behavior could be more accurately predicted.  相似文献   

Olivine-rich exposures in the South Pole-Aitken Basin     

Satoru Yamamoto  Ryosuke Nakamura  Tsuneo Matsunaga  Yoshiko Ogawa  Yoshiaki Ishihara  Tomokatsu Morota  Naru Hirata  Makiko Ohtake  Takahiro Hiroi  Yasuhiro Yokota  Junichi Haruyama 《Icarus》2012,218(1):331-344

The distribution and the geological context of the olivine-rich exposures in the South Pole-Aitken (SPA) Basin on the Moon were investigated based on the spectral data obtained from the Spectral Profiler (SP) and Multiband Imager (MI) onboard the Japanese lunar explorer Kaguya/SELENE. The olivine-rich exposures are found only in the peak rings or central peaks of the Schrödinger basin and Zeeman crater, which are located in the outer region of the SPA Basin and not in the center region. On a localized scale, the olivine-rich materials are exposed on landslide features on the crater walls or sloped wall of the central peaks or the peak rings. Another observational finding is the co-existence of olivine-rich and plagioclase-rich materials on a kilometer scale spanning most of the olivine-rich sites in the Schrödinger basin. Pyroxene-rich materials are found in fresh craters outside the peak rings or the central peaks with olivine-rich materials. Based on these results, the following scenario are proposed: (1) the impact to form the SPA Basin melted a large amount of the lunar upper mantle and crust, and distributed the melted materials to the outer region; (2) local differentiation of melted materials hid the olivine-rich materials in the center region of the SPA Basin; (3) later impacts that formed the Schrödinger and Zeeman craters excavated and exposed the olivine-rich materials to the surface again; and (4) space weathering and regolith gardening obscured the olivine-rich spectra at the exposure sites, but recent, small scale impacts or landslides on the sloped wall exposed fresh olivine-rich materials, allowing the identification of the olivine-rich exposures by spectral remote-sensing. This suggests that several, different scale events play an important role in forming the surface distributions of originally deep-seated materials on the Moon, as well as on other planetary bodies.  相似文献   

不同微生物肥对植烟区镉污染土壤的修复效果     

李晓越  段淑辉  周志成  刘勇军  李杉杉  赵中秋  王萌  陈世宝 《地学前缘》2018,25(5):314-322

为研究不同微生物肥对土壤中Cd的钝化效果和烟叶Cd含量的影响,选取南方植烟区3种不同类型(红泥田、黄泥田及青紫泥田)Cd污染土壤,以南方主栽烤烟云-87和K-326为测试品种,采用盆栽试验,测定了3种微生物肥(DY、AMS和HMD)在不同浓度下对烟草生物量、不同部位烟叶Cd含量、土壤Cd形态以及土壤中微生物种类的影响。结果表明：(1)3种微生物肥均能增加烟叶生物量,其中HMD增重效果最好。(2)与对照相比,3种微生物肥能有效地降低土壤中Cd的有效性和烟叶Cd的含量。针对3种土壤施用微生物肥浓度为1.5%时,叶片中Cd的降Cd率(与对照相比)分别达到17.2%~63.9%、20.4%~58.3%及18.9%~48.3%,DTPA-Cd下降比例分别为13.8%~17.3%、17.2%~22.8%及12.8%~16.2%;而随着施用微生物肥浓度增加到3.0%后,上述土壤烟叶中Cd的降Cd率显著增加,分别为20.3%~59%、31.3%~66.6%及25.2%~56.1%,DTPA-Cd下降比例分别为15.5%~28.2%、19.6%~26.6%及13.8%~17.3%。HMD效果最好,其次为DY和AMS。(3)3种微生物肥都增加土壤中微生物种类和数量,优化了烟草生长环境。总体来说,该植烟区土壤,DY和HMD增加产量的同时降Cd效果较好,可以在大田推广使用。  相似文献   

阿尔金山新生代隆升历史:来自塔东南若羌凹陷的沉积记录          下载免费PDF全文

宋星童  程晓敢  林秀斌  高石宝 《地质科学》2019,54(2):330-344

阿尔金山位于青藏高原北部边缘,在高原隆升和演化过程中扮演着重要的角色。但是,关于它的新生代隆升历史现今仍存在较大的争议。阿尔金山北麓若羌凹陷新生代接受来自山脉的剥蚀物质。因此,凹陷内的沉积特征记录了阿尔金山新生代隆升的重要信息。本文利用石油钻井编录资料及地震剖面,通过对盆地区新生代各个地层之间的接触关系、沉积相组合和沉积速率变化进行研究,结果显示阿尔金山34Ma以来的隆升分为两阶段:第一阶段为34~20.4Ma,持续低速隆升;第二阶段为16Ma至现今,急剧快速隆升。结合前人研究成果,认为渐新世—早中新世,阿尔金断裂作为一个局限在中、下地壳的韧性剪切带造成阿尔金山一带产生大范围的地表隆起,控制了山脉在第一阶段的持续低速隆升;中中新世以来,阿尔金断裂大规模左行走滑,青藏高原北缘主要通过地壳缩短的形式释放应力,控制了山脉在第二阶段的急剧快速隆升。  相似文献   

根细胞壁中镉亚细胞分布对土壤-烟草系统中镉吸收、转运的影响     

雷丽萍  段淑辉  周志成  王萌  陈世宝 《地学前缘》2019,26(6):28-34

根细胞壁是植物吸收、转运镉(Cd)的第一道屏障。为了揭示烟草根细胞壁中Cd的亚细胞分布与结合形态对烟草茎叶Cd吸收、转运的影响机理,文中研究了12种不同烟草根、茎、叶对Cd的富集、转运特征,利用活体细胞分离技术分析了根细胞壁中Cd的亚细胞分布及结合形态,在此基础上对根细胞壁Cd的亚细胞分布与烟草Cd吸收、转运的关系进行了研究。结果表明不同烟草根、叶对土壤中Cd的富集系数间存在显著差异(P<0.05)：根中Cd含量为3.13~7.10 mg/kg,最大相差2.27倍;烟叶中Cd含量为3.29~9.93 mg/kg,最大相差3.0倍;根叶转运系数为0.50~3.17,最大相差6.34倍。烟草根部Cd主要以醋酸浸提态(FHAC)为主。不同细胞壁组分中Cd含量测定发现,去果胶后细胞壁(CW-P)中Cd含量显著增加,而去半纤维素后细胞壁中Cd含量显著降低。去果胶后细胞壁中Cd含量与根叶中Cd的转运系数呈显著的负相关,转运系数最低的K346中,CW-P中Cd含量最高,说明半纤维素是烟草根细胞壁蓄积Cd的主要场所,烟草根细胞壁中半纤维素对Cd的束缚降低了Cd通过长距离向地上部分的转运。  相似文献   

实验室与田间条件下骨炭粉与海藻肥对镉污染土壤修复效果评价     

王萌  陈世宝  李杉杉  李晓越  郑涵  孟楠 《地学前缘》2019,26(6):82-88

本研究基于小麦、玉米、高粱籽粒及烟草烟叶镉(Cd)消减率、修复边际效率及土壤中Cd有效态含量的变化等对比了实验室与田间条件下骨炭粉与海藻肥对Cd污染农田土壤的修复效果。研究结果表明：骨炭粉与海藻肥使玉米、小麦、高粱和烟草对Cd的吸收、转运均有显著(P<0.05)降低作用;在田间条件下,骨炭粉与海藻肥对不同作物籽粒或烟叶的Cd消减率为16.2%~39.8%,可增加作物产量12.3%~38.6%。钝化剂对不同作物增产效果有一定差异,对小麦籽粒增产作用最为有效。研究发现添加钝化剂改变了Cd在土壤团聚体中的分布,使得Cd在大粒径团聚体中负载量增加,并且与对照相比,显著提高土壤pH(提高0.43~0.77),降低土壤Cd的有效性,有利于控制Cd在土壤植物系统中的迁移。总体而言,不同钝化剂的Cd污染土壤修复边际效率为3.99%~14.74%,同海藻肥相比,骨炭粉的修复边际效率较高。不同钝化剂在盆栽实验的修复效果优于田间实验的效果,可能是因为相比于田间实验,盆栽实验条件下根系的作用范围有限,钝化剂的作用效果较高。  相似文献   

Analysis of stick-slip and earthquake mechanism     

Yoshiaki Ida 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1975,11(2):147-156

A mathematical model of a sliding system that contains a frictional surface embedded in an elastic specimen and machine is proposed to analyze the frictional behavior observed in laboratory and field. It is shown that stick-slip occurs if the slope of the velocity-stress relation on the sliding surface exceeds a critical value at a certain point between static and kinetic frictions. This condition, coupled with Amontons' law and other subsidiary relations, predicts the effects of normal stress, gouge thickness, temperature, and loading rate etc. on the stick-slip instability, consistent with known experimental evidence. The elastic-wave radiation associated with stick-slip is governed by Brune's source time function, in which rise time and effective stress are proportional to fault dimension and stress drop, respectively.  相似文献   

Slow-moving deformation pulses along tectonic faults     

Yoshiaki Ida 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1974,9(4):328-337

A model of slow-moving disturbances of deformation is proposed to interpret the observed propagations of earthquake foci and nonseismic creep. The analysis is based on the assumption that thin fault gouge participates in the viscous slip. Nonuniform deformation diffusses at the rate of ν = μw/2η for the gouge of viscosity η and thickness w that is enclosed by the elastic rocks of rigidity μ. A crack-like solution propagates uniformly, involving the discontinuity that bounds the faulted area by an unfractured part, or by another gouge with different viscosity. The unit of the propagation velocity of such cracks is also given by the above-defined ν. Comparing the expression of ν with the various field observations, most of which yield the propagation speeds of 10–10⁴ km/year, the effective viscosity of the gouge is estimated as 10¹¹–10¹⁴ poises. The nonseismic fault creep in central California is analysed, and a little higher value of acting stress is obtained than the result of Nason and Weertman (1973).  相似文献   

Progressive metamorphism of the Taitao ophiolite; evidence for axial and off-axis hydrothermal alterations     

Takazo Shibuya  Tsuyoshi Komiya  Ryo Anma  Tsutomu Ota  Soichi Omori  Yoshiaki Kon  Shinji Yamamoto  Shigenori Maruyama 《Lithos》2007,98(1-4):233-260

We estimated metamorphic conditions for the  6 Ma Taitao ophiolite, associated with the Chile triple junction. The metamorphic grade of the ophiolite, estimated from secondary matrix minerals, changes stratigraphically downwards from the zeolite facies, through the prehnite–actinolite facies, greenschist facies and the greenschist–amphibolite transition, to the amphibolite facies. The metamorphic facies series corresponds to the low-pressure type. The metamorphic zone boundaries are subparallel to the internal lithological boundaries of the ophiolite, indicating that the metamorphism was due to axial hydrothermal alteration at a mid-ocean ridge.

Mineral assemblages and the compositions of veins systematically change from quartz-dominated, through epidote-dominated, to prehnite-dominated with increasing depth. Temperatures estimated from the vein assemblages range from  230 °C in the volcanic unit to  380 °C at the bottom of the gabbro unit, systematically  200 °C lower than estimates from the adjoining matrix minerals. The late development of veins and the systematically lower temperatures suggest that the vein-forming alteration was due to off-axis hydrothermal alteration.

Comparison between the Taitao ophiolite with its mid-ocean ridge (MOR) affinity, and other ophiolites and MOR crusts, suggests that the Taitao ophiolite has many hydrothermal alteration features similar to those of MOR crusts. This is consistent with the tectonic history that the Taitao ophiolite was formed at the South Chile ridge system near the South American continent (Anma, R., Armstrong, R., Danhara, T., Orihashi, Y. and Iwano, H., 2006. Zircon sensitive high mass-resolution ion microprobe U–Pb and fission-track ages for gabbros and sheeted dykes of the Taitao ophiolite, Southern Chile, and their tectonic implications. The Island Arc, 15(1): 130–142).  相似文献   

Correction to: A web-based real-time and full-resolution data visualization for Himawari-8 satellite sensed images     

Ken T. Murata  Praphan Pavarangkoon  Atsushi Higuchi  Koichi Toyoshima  Kazunori Yamamoto  Kazuya Muranaga  Yoshiaki Nagaya  Yasushi Izumikawa  Eizen Kimura  Takamichi Mizuhara 《Earth Science Informatics》2018,11(2):239-240

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