Spatial distribution and bonding forms of heavy metals in sediments along the middle course of the River Elbe (km 287ċ390)     

Andrea van der Veen  Corinna Ahlers  Dieter W. Zachmann  Kurt Friese 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2006,34(3):214-222

Sediments of eight groyne fields along the middle course of the River Elbe (river km 287?390) were geochemically studied. The 78 sediment samples were analysed for pH and grain size distribution. The grain size fraction < 2 μm was used for mineralogical and chemical analysis: semiquantitative clay mineral analysis; total element content (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn), total inorganic and organic C, and bonding form fractionation with a six‐step sequential chemical extraction. The latter was performed on selected samples (n = 32). The sediments along the Elbe's course are still contaminated with heavy metals far above the local geogenic background level. An enrichment factor of more than 15 was calculated for zinc. Cr and Ni are the elements with the lowest enrichment. The bonding form analysis of selected heavy metals shows a dominance of relatively immobile bonding forms, e. g. the moderately reducible and the residual fraction, which implies a relative low mobility potential. Only Zn poses a higher potential threat to the environment, since it has a higher percentage of the first three extracted phases: adsorbed, carbonate, and easily reducible fraction.  相似文献   

Past and future polar amplification of climate change: climate model intercomparisons and ice-core constraints   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

V. Masson-Delmotte  M. Kageyama  P. Braconnot  S. Charbit  G. Krinner  C. Ritz  E. Guilyardi  J. Jouzel  A. Abe-Ouchi  M. Crucifix  R. M. Gladstone  C. D. Hewitt  A. Kitoh  A. N. LeGrande  O. Marti  U. Merkel  T. Motoi  R. Ohgaito  B. Otto-Bliesner  W. R. Peltier  I. Ross  P. J. Valdes  G. Vettoretti  S. L. Weber  F. Wolk  Y. Yu 《Climate Dynamics》2006,27(4):437-440

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Adjustment Computations: Spatial Data Analysis (Fourth Edition) - by CHARLES D GHILANI AND PAUL R WOLF     

Kurt B Wurm 《Transactions in GIS》2007,11(4):653-654

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Impact of different convective cloud schemes on the simulation of the tropical seasonal cycle in a coupled ocean–atmosphere model     

P. Braconnot  F. Hourdin  S. Bony  J. L. Dufresne  J. Y. Grandpeix  O. Marti 《Climate Dynamics》2007,29(5):501-520

The simulation of the mean seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature (SST) remains a challenge for coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation models (OAGCMs). Here we investigate how the numerical representation of clouds and convection affects the simulation of the seasonal variations of tropical SST. For this purpose, we compare simulations performed with two versions of the same OAGCM differing only by their convection and cloud schemes. Most of the atmospheric temperature and precipitation differences between the two simulations reflect differences found in atmosphere-alone simulations. They affect the ocean interior down to 1,000 m. Substantial differences are found between the two coupled simulations in the seasonal march of the Intertropical Convergence Zone in the eastern part of the Pacific and Atlantic basins, where the equatorial upwelling develops. The results confirm that the distribution of atmospheric convection between ocean and land during the American and African boreal summer monsoons plays a key role in maintaining a cross equatorial flow and a strong windstress along the equator, and thereby the equatorial upwelling. Feedbacks between convection, large-scale circulation, SST and clouds are highlighted from the differences between the two simulations. In one case, these feedbacks maintain the ITCZ in a quite realistic position, whereas in the other case the ITCZ is located too far south close to the equator.  相似文献   

Mid-Holocene to present-day evolution of the Indian monsoon in transient global simulations     

Crétat  Julien  Braconnot  Pascale  Terray  Pascal  Marti  Olivier  Falasca  Fabrizio 《Climate Dynamics》2020,55(9-10):2761-2784

The low-frequency evolution of Indian rainfall mean-state and associated interannual-to-decadal variability is discussed for the last 6000 years from a multi-configuration ensemble of fully coupled global transient simulations. This period is marked by a shift of Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) distribution towards drier conditions, including extremes, and a contraction of the rainy season. The drying is larger in simulations with higher horizontal resolution of the atmosphere and revised land surface hydrology. Vegetation–climate interactions and the way runoff is routed to ocean modulate the timing of the monsoon onset but have negligible effects on the evolution of seasonal rainfall amounts in our modeling framework in which carbon cycling is always active. This drying trend is accompanied by changes in ISMR interannual-to-decadal variability decreasing over north and south India but increasing over central India (20°–25° N). The ISMR interannual-to-decadal variability is decomposed into six physically consistent regimes using a clustering technique to further characterize its changes and associated teleconnections. From 6 to 3.8 kyr bp, the century-to-century modulations in the frequency of occurrence associated to the regimes are asynchronous between the simulations. Orbitally-driven trends can only be detected for two regimes over the whole 6–0 kyr bp period. These two regimes reflect increased influence of ENSO on both ISMR and Indian Ocean Dipole as the inter-hemispheric energy gradient weakens. Severe long-term droughts are also shown to be a combination of long-term drying and internally generated low-frequency modulations of the interannual-to-decadal variability.

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Sea-level change, glacial rebound and mantle viscosity fornorthern Europe     

Kurt Lambeck  Catherine Smither  & Paul Johnston 《Geophysical Journal International》1998,134(1):102-144

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The Helmert-Tower,A zero-order-point     

Kurt Arnold 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1965,9(2):171-172

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Schwefel-Isotope und die Genese von Erzlagerstätten     

Univ.-Dozent Dr. Kurt v. Gehlen 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1966,55(1):178-197

Zusammenfassung Die Möglichkeiten und Probleme der genetischen Ausdeutung von Schwefel-Isotopen-Verhältnissen in Erzmineralien werden an Beispielen (vorwiegend nach Messungen verschiedener Autoren im Göttinger Zentrallabor) diskutiert. Es ergeben sich z. B. Anhaltspunkte, ob eine Lagerstätte von basaltischen Magmen aus dem Erdmantel abzuleiten sein kann oder nicht. Die Meßdaten von Meggen und vom Rammeisberg sind mit einer Ableitung aus dem Erdmantel höchstens bei wesentlichen Zusatzannahmen (sehr starke Assimilation von ungewöhnlichem Krustenmaterial oder extreme Fraktionierung in einem Sekundärherd) vereinbar. Aus der Kruste abzuleitende hydrothermale Lagerstätten können schwankende (Harz) oder auch ziemlich einheitliche S-Isotopen-Verhältnisse zeigen (Freiberg/ Sa.; Süddeutschland). Extreme Unterschiede innerhalb der Lagerstätte Wiesloch bei Heidelberg werden durch bakterielle Fraktionierung eines begrenzten Sulfat-Vorrates gedeutet. — In Abb. 6 sind außerdem Blei-Isotopen-Verhältnisse aus Süddeutschland dargestellt.

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The possibilities and problems of the genetical interpretation of sulfur isotope ratios in ore minerals are discussed using mainly results from the Göttingen isotope laboratory. For example, criteria are obtained regarding the question whether a certain deposit can be derived from basaltic magmas from the Earth's mantle, or not. The sulfur isotope data for minerals from the deposits of Meggen and Rammelsberg (Germany) are only consistent with a derivation from the mantle if substantial additional assumptions are made (very strong assimilation of unusual crustal material or extreme fractionation in a secondary magma chamber). Hydrothermal deposits derived from the Earth's crust can show variable (Harz mountains) or also rather uniform isotope ratios (Freiberg/Saxony; Southern Germany). Extreme variations within the deposit of Wiesloch near Heidelberg are interpreted as caused by bacterial fractionation of a limited amount of sulfate. - Fig. 6 shows lead isotope ratios from Southern Germany.

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Résumé La composition isotopique du soufre dans les minéraux des gîtes métallifères: données et problèmes pour une interprétation génétique.

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(Meggen, Rammelsberg, Freiberg, Wiesloch) . .

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Der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft sei auch an dieser Stelle für die Ermöglichung der Schwefel-Isotopen-Messungen in Göttingen gedankt.  相似文献   

Die Diabasvorkommen des Amazonasgebietes und das Problem des Intrusionsmechanismus     

Dr. Kurt Vollbrecht 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1964,53(2):686-706

Zusammenfassung Unter Bezug auf die beobachteten großräumigen Diabasvorkommen im Gebiet des Amazonasbeckens wird der Versuch unternommen, den Intrusionsmechanismus basaltischer Schmelzen prinzipiell zu erklären. Es läßt sich zeigen, daß das Problem der Magmenbewegung von dem der Magmaentstehung nicht zu trennen ist. Beide bedürfen der Anwendung sowohl hydrostatischer als auch hydrodynamischer Gesetzmäßigkeiten.Die Beachtung der hydrostatischen Gesichtspunkte erfordert einerseits eine Herdlage in den oberen Teilen des Erdmantels, wo aber andererseits die Entstehung der Schmelze aus thermischen Gründen nicht ohne Konvektionsströmungen denkbar ist.Die Annahme eines konvektiven Zirkulationssystems im Mantel, dessen Auswirkung gelegentlich durch Schweremessungen beobachtbar sein können, beantwortet viele wichtige offene Fragen im Problemkreis des Intrusionsmechanismus basischer Gesteine.

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Basing on huge occurrence of diabase in the Amazon basin, a limited distribution of which is dealt with in this paper, an outline of the principal mechanism of intrusions of basaltic magma is attempted. Apparently, the problem of movement of magma is not allowed to be regarded without that of its origin. Both, movement and origin, are subjected to hydrostatical and hydrodynamical laws.The application of the hydrostatics demands the source of magma to be in the upper parts of the earth's mantle. In this location, however, temperature seems to be insufficient to originate melted basaltic rocks unless thermical convection takes place.The postulation of a vertical system of circulation in the mantle, the effects of which sometimes may be recognized by gravity measurements, solves some important problems of the mechanism of intrusion. In this way, among other things, the deep lying mass of higher density along the center of the Amazon basin may be determined as to triassic-jurassic age.

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Résumé Considérant la présence de diabases en grande quantité dans le bassin de l'Amazone, l'auteur tente d'interpréter dans son principe le mécanisme d'intrusion des liquides basaltiques. Il semble que le problème du mouvement du magma ne peut pas être séparé de celui de son origine. Tous deux doivent être soumis à des lois hydrostatiques et hydrodynamiques.La considération du point de vue hydrostatique donne à penser que la source du magma se trouve dans la partie supérieure du manteau terrestre où cependant, pour des raisons thermiques, on ne peut penser à la formation de liquides magmatiques sans courants de convection.L'hypothèse d'un système de circulation convective dans le manteau, dont les effets ont parfois été observés par des mesures de gravité, apporte une solution à quelques problèmes concernant le mécanisme d'intrusion. Dans cet ordre d'idées, la masse profonde de forte densité située dans le centre du bassin de l'Amazone peut être rapportée au Triasique-Jurassige.

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Die Veröffentlichung der vorliegenden Arbeit erfolgt mit freundlicher Genehmigung der Petróleo Brasileiro, S. A. (Petrobrás) sowie der Gesellschaft für praktische Lagerstättenforschung GmbH (Prakla). Beiden Gesellschaften sei dafür an dieser Stelle aufrichtig gedankt!  相似文献   

Die Darstellung des geomagnetischen Potentials zur Epoche 1945,0 durch eine Entwicklung nach Kugelfunktionen bis zur 15. Ordnung     

Gerhard Fanselau  Heinz Kautzleben  Otto Lucke  Peter Mauersberger  Kurt Sellien 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1964,57(1):5-30

Zusammenfassung Es werden die Ergebnisse einer Berechnung des geomagnetischen Potentials in Form einer Reihenentwicklung nach Kugelfunktionen bis zur 15. Ordnung auf Grund der magnetischen Weltkarten für die Epoche 1945,0 vonE. H. Vestine und andern vorgelegt. Bei der Ableitung des Potentialausdrucks nach der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate wurden die Orthogonalitätseigenschaften der Kugelflächenfunktionen vollständig ausgenutzt.

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Summary The results of the analysis of the main geomagnetic field for the epoch 1945.0 in a series of spherical harmonics to the 15th degree are presented. The analysis is based on the world magnetic charts derived byVestine et al. The coefficients of the potential are calculated by least-squares approximation taking advantage of the orthogonality of the spherical harmonics over discrete ranges.

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