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排序方式: 共有136条查询结果,搜索用时 109 毫秒
81.
Sebastian Schlögl Michael Lehning Kouichi Nishimura Hendrik Huwald Nicolas J. Cullen Rebecca Mott 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2017,165(1):161-180
We assess sensible heat-flux parametrizations in stable conditions over snow surfaces by testing and developing stability correction functions for two alpine and two polar test sites. Five turbulence datasets are analyzed with respect to, (a) the validity of the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory, (b) the model performance of well-established stability corrections, and (c) the development of new univariate and multivariate stability corrections. Using a wide range of stability corrections reveals an overestimation of the turbulent sensible heat flux for high wind speeds and a generally poor performance of all investigated functions for large temperature differences between snow and the atmosphere above (>10 K). Applying the Monin–Obukhov bulk formulation introduces a mean absolute error in the sensible heat flux of \(6\,\hbox {W m}^{-2}\) (compared with heat fluxes calculated directly from eddy covariance). The stability corrections produce an additional error between 1 and \(5\,\hbox {W m}^{-2}\), with the smallest error for published stability corrections found for the Holtslag scheme. We confirm from previous studies that stability corrections need improvements for large temperature differences and wind speeds, where sensible heat fluxes are distinctly overestimated. Under these atmospheric conditions our newly developed stability corrections slightly improve the model performance. However, the differences between stability corrections are typically small when compared to the residual error, which stems from the Monin–Obukhov bulk formulation. 相似文献
82.
Koshi Nishimura 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2012,164(3):427-440
The process of coupled assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) is one of the most popular petrogenetic concepts that explains magmatic differentiation. Conventional geochemical models for this process assume that crystals are removed instantaneously from the magma body as they are produced; however, recent advances in isotopic microanalysis have clarified that the crystals are suspended within the magma body for a certain period, affecting the whole-rock composition in response to the intra-grain isotopic zoning. This study develops a mass balance model for simultaneous assimilation and imperfect fractional crystallization (AIFC) to describe the effects of suspended crystals on the path of magma evolution. The mass balance differential equations for the liquid and suspended crystals are solved simultaneously. The analytical solution of the AIFC equations gives a quantitative account of the evolution paths of trace elements and isotopes within bulk crystals, liquid, and magma (crystals plus liquid). The chemical path of the magma differs markedly from that predicted by the conventional AFC model. 相似文献
83.
Kenji Satake Yuichi Nishimura Purna Sulastya Putra Aditya Riadi Gusman Haris Sunendar Yushiro Fujii Yuichiro Tanioka Hamzah Latief Eko Yulianto 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2013,170(9-10):1567-1582
The 2010 Mentawai earthquake (magnitude 7.7) generated a destructive tsunami that caused more than 500 casualties in the Mentawai Islands, west of Sumatra, Indonesia. Seismological analyses indicate that this earthquake was an unusual “tsunami earthquake,” which produces much larger tsunamis than expected from the seismic magnitude. We carried out a field survey to measure tsunami heights and inundation distances, an inversion of tsunami waveforms to estimate the slip distribution on the fault, and inundation modeling to compare the measured and simulated tsunami heights. The measured tsunami heights at eight locations on the west coasts of North and South Pagai Island ranged from 2.5 to 9.3 m, but were mostly in the 4–7 m range. At three villages, the tsunami inundation extended more than 300 m. Interviews of local residents indicated that the earthquake ground shaking was less intense than during previous large earthquakes and did not cause any damage. Inversion of tsunami waveforms recorded at nine coastal tide gauges, a nearby GPS buoy, and a DART station indicated a large slip (maximum 6.1 m) on a shallower part of the fault near the trench axis, a distribution similar to other tsunami earthquakes. The total seismic moment estimated from tsunami waveform inversion was 1.0 × 1021 Nm, which corresponded to Mw 7.9. Computed coastal tsunami heights from this tsunami source model using linear equations are similar to the measured tsunami heights. The inundation heights computed by using detailed bathymetry and topography data and nonlinear equations including inundation were smaller than the measured ones. This may have been partly due to the limited resolution and accuracy of publically available bathymetry and topography data. One-dimensional run-up computations using our surveyed topography profiles showed that the computed heights were roughly similar to the measured ones. 相似文献
84.
日本东北9.0级地震的同震与震后滑动 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
大部分强震都发生在海沟,那里是海洋板块向大陆板块俯冲的地方.大量矩震级MW9.0以上的地震发生在若干区域,包括智利,阿拉斯加,堪察加半岛和苏门答腊岛等.位于太平洋板块俯冲鄂霍茨克板块的日本海沟,历史记载上没有发生过MW9.0地震,除了至今震级还有争议的公元869年Jogan大地震[1](可能超过MW9.0).然而,根据... 相似文献
85.
Saravanan Mariappan Masashi Kamon Faisal Haji Ali Takeshi Katsumi Tomoyuki Akai Toru Inui Masaki Nishimura 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2011,29(5):881-898
This paper addresses the study conducted on the performance of landfill liner interface parameters. Interface shear strength
parameters for various combinations of 9 different lining materials were studied and presented in this paper. This comprehensive
testing program covers the interfaces between: (1) soil and compacted clay liner (CCL), (2) geomembrane (HDPEs or PVC) and
soil, (3) geosynthetic clay liner (GCL)/CCL and soil, (4) geomembrane and geotextile, (5) geotextile and soil, (6) geotextile
and GCL/CCL, and (7) geomembrane and GCL/CCL. The experiments were conducted for both at dry or optimum moisture condition
and at saturated or wet condition. The interface performance under both conditions were compared to access the material performances.
Tabulated summaries of interface test data under dry or optimum moisture condition (OMO) and saturated or wet condition are
presented in the paper. 相似文献
86.
Pavements of manganese nodules and crusts and outcrops of Miocene limestones were observed on the flanks and flat top of the Tenpo Seamount during three Shinkai 2000 dives. The pre‐Miocene volcano supplied nuclei of volcanic rocks and hydrothermal manganese deposits, and subsequent slow or no sedimentation promoted deposition of abundant hydrogenetic nodules and crusts, mainly on the upper flank of the seamount. Nodule pavements generally cover calcareous sand surface sediments, while crusts cover hard outcrops composed probably of volcanic rocks. The fields of crusts and nodules are sparsely distributed with each other on scales of meters to tens of meters. The on‐site observation suggests the deposits have encountered tectonic and/or mass movements that resulted in unusual occurrences of densely stacked nodules and occasionally the nodules resting directly on crusts or hard substrates. Mineralogical and chemical compositions reveal that for nodules and crusts the encrusting manganese layers of around 1 cm thickness are composed of hydrogenetic vernadite, and diagenetic influence is negligible. 相似文献
87.
Takahiro Watanabe Toshio Nakamura Fumiko Watanabe Nara Takeshi Kakegawa Kazuho Horiuchi Ryoko Senda Takefumi Oda Mitsugu Nishimura Genki Inoue Matsumoto Takayoshi Kawai 《Quaternary International》2009,205(1-2):12
High-time resolution 14C dating of Lake Baikal sediment cores indicates negative and positive anomalies of calculated linear sedimentation rate (LSR; 1.1 and 35.6 cm/ka, respectively) during the period of climate transition from the last glacial to Holocene. The timing of the Lake Baikal apparent LSR anomalies is consistent with that of the changes in the atmospheric radiocarbon concentration (Δ14C) during Younger Dryas rapid cooling event. 14C dating of lipids in the Lake Baikal surface sediments revealed that the sources of sedimentary lipids were different in each basin. In the Northern Basin of Lake Baikal, the 14C age of total lipids from the surface sediment (4.0 14C ka) was found to be older than that of TOC (1.6 14C ka). By contrast, the 14C age of total lipids in the Southern Basin was younger than that of the TOC by ca. 0.7–3.0 ka.In the Lake Hovsgol sediment cores, ages of the main lithologic boundaries during the last glacial–interglacial transition were estimated based on new 14C data sets. TOC concentration in the cores started to rapidly increase at 13.8 ± 0.3 14C ka at the base of the basinwide finely laminated layer deposited during Bølling/Allerød. The base of the layer diatomaceous mud corresponds to the end of Younger Dryas event (10.6 ± 0.1 14C ka). 相似文献
88.
89.
Yi-Ming Hu Jin Chang Yi-Zhong Gong Ren-Jian Zhang Nan-Sen Wang He-Sen Tang S. Torii J. Nishimura T. Kobayashi Y. Shimizu F. Makino 《Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics》2008
The emulsion chamber detector on board the “ShiJian-8” satellite is the first one in China designed especially for observing in space the highenergy electrons and γ-rays. In this paper, the principle of the detector design, the method of data processing and the preliminary results of observations are introduced. The design lifetime of the detector is 15 days on the orbit, and the energy range of detectable particles is 100GeV∼5TeV. 相似文献
90.
胡一鸣 常进 宫一忠 张仁健 王楠森 唐和森 Torii S. Nishimura J. Kobayashi T. Shimizu Y. Makino F. 《天文学报》2008,49(2):233-242
"实践八号"乳胶室探测器是我国首次用于空间观测高能电子及伽玛射线的乳胶 室探测器.介绍"实践八号"乳胶室探测器的设计原理、数据分析方法、设计过程和初步 观测结果等."实践八号"乳胶室探测器空间观测时间为15天,可探测的粒子能量范围为 100GeV~5TeV. 相似文献