Political ecology of tiger conservation in India: Adverse effects of banning customary practices in a protected area     

Nitin D. Rai  Tor A. Benjaminsen  Siddhartha Krishnan  C. Madegowda 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2019,40(1):124-139

Protected areas have had significant impacts on local communities primarily through the physical removal of people. In some instances, people continue to live within protected areas due to the inability of the state to evict them. The restrictions on livelihoods placed on people living inside protected areas lead to in situ displacement. We show how conservation enclosures in the Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve have produced a class of people that the state ‘lets die’ by banning customary practices such as fire use, hunting and harvesting of forest produce. Using longitudinal ethnographic, socio‐economic and ecological data, we demonstrate that conservation policy has alienated indigenous forest dwellers from their agricultural and forest‐land. The outcomes of conservation policy include dispossession through increased crop losses, reduced income from agriculture and forest produce, as well as a forest that is dominated by weeds due to fire suppression. The ban on hunting in particular has increased wildlife densities, which has enabled the state to accumulate revenues through the establishment of wildlife tourism facilities. All in all, centralized protected area governance has changed the relationships among people, forest and the state in a way that has produced adverse effects for both livelihoods and the ecosystem.  相似文献   

An interpretation of wave refraction and its influence on foreshore sediment distribution     

Joevivek Vincent Jayaraj  Chandrasekar Nainarpandian  Jayangondaperumal Ramakrishnan  Thakur Vikram Chandr  Shree Purniema Krishnan 《海洋学报(英文版)》2019,38(5):151-160

To analyze the grain size and depositional environment of the foreshore sediments, a study was undertaken on wave refraction along the wide sandy beaches of central Tamil Nadu coast. The nearshore waves approach the coast at 45° during the northeast(NE) monsoon, at 135° during the southwest(SW) monsoon and at 90° during the non-monsoon or fair-weather period with a predominant wave period of 8 and 10 s. A computer based wave refraction pattern is constructed to evaluate the trajectories of shoreward propagating waves along the coast in different seasons. The convergent wave rays during NE monsoon, leads to high energy wave condition which conveys a continuous erosion at foreshore region while divergent and inept condition of rays during the SW and non-monsoon, leads to moderate and less energy waves that clearly demarcates the rebuilt beach sediments through littoral sediment transport. The role of wave refraction in foreshore deposits was understood by grain size and depositional environment analysis. The presence of fine grains with the mixed population, during the NE monsoon reveals that the high energy wave condition and sediments were derived from beach and river environment. Conversely, the presence of medium grains with uniform population, during SW and non-monsoon attested less turbulence and sediments were derived from prolong propagation of onshore-offshore wave process.These upshots are apparently correlated with the in situ beach condition. On the whole, from this study it is understood that beaches underwent erosion during the NE monsoon and restored its original condition during the SW and non-monsoon seasons that exposed the stability of the beach and nearshore condition.  相似文献   

Spatial analysis of groundwater potential using remote sensing and GIS in the Kanyakumari and Nambiyar basins,India     

R. S. Suja Rose  N. Krishnan 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2009,37(4):681-692

Remotely sensed data can provide useful information in understanding the distribution of groundwater, an important source of water supply throughout the world. In the present study, the modern geomatic technologies, namely remote sensing and GIS were used in the identification of groundwater potential zones in the Kanyakumari and Nambiyar basins of Tamil Nadu in India. The multivariate statistical technique was used to find out the relationship between rainfall and groundwater resource characteristics. It has been found out that groundwater not only depends upon rainfall, but various other factors also influence its occurrence. Eight such parameters were considered and multi criterion analysis has been carried out in order to find out the potential zones. Accordingly, it had been concluded that the Kanyakumari river basin has more ground water potential, whereas the Nambiyar basin has less potential. Thus surface investigation of groundwater has proved to be easier, time consistent and cheaper using the geomatic technologies.  相似文献   

Anoxia over the western continental shelf of India: bacterial indications of intrinsic nitrification feeding denitrification     

Krishnan KP  Fernandes SO  Loka Bharathi PA  Krishna Kumari L  Nair S  Pratihary AK  Rao BR 《Marine environmental research》2008,65(5):445-455

Studies on the Arabian Sea coastal anoxia have been of immense interest, but despite its ecological significance there is sparse understanding of the microbes involved. Hence, observations were carried out off Goa (15 degrees 30'N, 72 degrees 40'E to 15 degrees 30'N, 72 degrees 59'E) to understand the processes that mediate the changes in various inorganic nitrogen species in the water column during anoxia. Water column chemistry showed a clear distinct oxic environment in the month of April and anoxic condition in October. Our study based on microbial signatures indicated that oxygen deficit appeared as a well-defined nucleus almost 40 km away from the coast during the oxic period (April) and spreads there after to the entire water column synchronizing with the water chemistry. Striking results of net changes in inorganic nitrogen species in nitrification blocked and unblocked experimental systems show that denitrification is the predominant process in the water column consuming available nitrate ( approximately 0.5 microM) to near zero levels within approximately 72 h of incubation. These observations have been supported by concomitant increase in nitrite concentration ( approximately 4 microM). Similar studies on denitrification-blocked incubations, demonstrate the potential of nitrification to feed denitrification. Nitrification could contribute almost 4.5 microM to the total nitrate pool. It was found that the relation between ammonium and total dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) pool (r=0.98, p<0.001, n=122) was significant compared to the latter with nitrite and nitrate. The occurrence of high ammonium under low phosphate conditions corroborates our observations that ammonium does not appear to be locked under low oxygen regimes. It is suggested that ammonium actively produced by detrital breakdown (ammonification) is efficiently consumed through nitrification process. The three processes in concert viz. ammonification, nitrification and denitrification appear to operate in more temporal and spatial proximity than hitherto appreciated in these systems and this gives additional cues on the absence of measurable nitrate at surface waters, which was earlier attributed only to efficient algal uptake. Hence we hypothesize that the alarming nitrous oxide input into the atmosphere could be due to high productivity driven tighter nitrification-denitrification coupling, rather than denitrification driven by extraneous nitrate.  相似文献   

Analysis of the Tsunami of December 26, 2004, on the Kerala Coast of India—Part II: Arrival Times     

M. Baba  N. P. Kurian  B. T. Murali Krishnan  N. Nirupama  T. S. Murty 《Marine Geodesy》2006,29(4):271-276

The Tsunami of December 26, 2004, in the Indian Ocean arrived on the coast of Kerala in southwest India some three hours after the tsunami was generated. The tsunami activity persisted throughout that day and, in some locations, even into the early morning of the next day. Based on interviews with eye witnesses, arrival times of tsunami waves are presented here followed by some preliminary analysis of the results.  相似文献   

Research report—A geographical information system for oil spills sensitivity mapping in the Shetland Islands (United Kingdom)     

Parthiphan Krishnan 《Ocean & Coastal Management》1995,26(3)

Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have been making important contributions to environmental monitoring and management. This paper discusses their use in oil spill sensitivity mapping in the Brent System Pipeline Nearshore Section in the Shetland Islands. The study demonstrates the efficiency and effectiveness of the GIS approach in determining the critical areas that need to be protected in the event of an oil spill. It concludes with a discussion on the future development in this field.  相似文献   

Opportunities and challenges in monsoon prediction in a changing climate     

B. N. Goswami  R. Krishnan 《Climate Dynamics》2013,41(1):1-1

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Dynamics of intensification of the boreal summer monsoon flow during IOD events   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Suchithra Sundaram  R. Krishnan  Ayantika Dey  P. Swapna 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2010,107(1-2):17-31

The present study focuses on understanding the dynamics of intensification of the boreal summer monsoon cross-equatorial flow generally observed during positive-Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events, by taking 1994 as a case study. In particular, the influence of the anomalous divergent motions during 1994 (i.e., east–west circulation over equatorial Indian Ocean and the monsoon Hadley-type circulation) on the intensification of summer monsoon cross-equatorial flow is investigated. This problem is examined using diagnostic analyses and simulation experiments from a multi-level global atmospheric model forced with observed diabatic heating. The results suggest that the transfer of kinetic energy (KE) from the divergent motions to the rotational flows can be very effective during IOD periods like 1994; and provides a plausible explanation for the increase of KE of the monsoon cross-equatorial flow over Bay-of-Bengal and adjoining areas. The study also investigates the enhanced activity of westward propagating disturbances observed during 1994 over the monsoon region.  相似文献   

Soil temperature regime in the arid zone of India     

Dr. A. Krishnan  Dr. G. G. S. N. Rao 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1979,27(1):15-22

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A first-order Markov model for assessing rainfall discontinuity in central Australia     

E. A. Fitzpatrick  A. Krishnan 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1967,15(3):242-259

Summary For six stations in central Australia daily rainfalls were combined over five-day intervals. The resulting pentads were classed as either wet or dry according to whether a total of at least 0.1 inch of rain had occurred. A first order Markov model and a simple random model were constructed for the distribution of runs of wet and dry pentads. A ² test showed that the random model gives a poor fit to the observed frequencies. With the Markov model, however, good agreement was obtained with the exception of a few cases. Although the Markov model could be further improved it seems to be a practical statistical tool for assessing the long-term incidence of runs of wet or dry weather in central Australia.

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Zusammenfassung Für sechs Stationen in Mittelaustralien wurden tägliche Niederschlagssummen zu Pentaden-Summen zusammengefaßt. Die resultierenden Pentaden wurden als naß oder trocken klassifiziert, je nachdem, ob wenigstens 2,5 mm Regen gefallen war oder nicht. Für die Verteilung von Folgen von trokken und nassen Pentaden wurden ein Markov-Modell 1. Ordnung und ein einfaches Zufallsmodell konstruiert. Ein ² zeigte, daß das Zufallsmodell die beobachteten Häufigkeiten nur schlecht wiedergibt. Mit dem Markov-Modell wurde dagegen, mit Ausnahme einiger Fälle, gute Übereinstimmung erzielt. Obwohl das Markov-Modell noch weiter verbessert werden könnte, scheint es eine praktische Möglichkeit zur Darstellung länger dauernder Folgen von nassen oder trockenen Pentaden in Mittelaustralien zu bieten.

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Résumé On a établi les sommes pentadaires des précipitations de six stations d'Australie centrale. Les groupes de cinq jours ainsi établis sont répartis en deux classes, humides ou secs selon que la dite somme dépasse 2,5 mm de pluie ou non. Pour l'étude de la répartition de successions de pentades humides ou sèches on a construit un modèle de Markov du premier ordre et un modèle aléatoire simple. Un examen au mogen du teste ² a montré que lemodèle aléatoire ne reflète que très mal fréquences observées. On obtient par contre, quelques cas exceptés, une assez bonne coïncidence avec le modèle de Markov. Bien que ce dernier puisse encore être amélioré, il semble présenter une possibilité pratique pour la représentation de successions importantes de pentades humides ou sèches en Australie centrale.

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With 2 Figures  相似文献