冰雪地球的研究进展综述   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

胡永云  闻新宇 《地球科学进展》2005,20(11):1226-1233

在大约6~7亿年前的新元古代时期，地球是否曾经被冰雪完全覆盖而成为了一个“冰雪地球”？如果是，什么诱发了这种全球性的冰川期？又是什么导致了它的融化？新元古代时期的极端气候变化对其后的寒武纪生命大爆发有何影响？围绕这些问题，古地质、古生物和古气候学界在最近几年展开了广泛的研究和激烈争论。根据现有的研究结果，地球在新元古代时期确实经历了数次地球历史上最为严重的全球性冰川期，但地球是否被完全冰封还需要更充分的古地质和古生物方面的证据来证明；利用气候模式对各种可能的外部强迫的模拟试验表明“冰雪地球”是很难形成的，并且，如果地球进入完全被冰封的状态，它将是难以被融化的；关于新元古代时期剧烈的气候变化对寒武纪生命大爆发所起的作用存在2种观点，一种认为气候变化导致了原始生命的基因突变并诱发了寒武纪生命爆发，另一种认为这种影响主要是生态方面的。  相似文献   

The de-correlation of westerly winds and westerly-wind stress over the Southern Ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum     

Wei Liu  Jian Lu  L. Ruby Leung  Shang-Ping Xie  Zhengyu Liu  Jiang Zhu 《Climate Dynamics》2015,45(11-12):3157-3168

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Characterization and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds in urban and suburban Tianjin,China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Meng Han  Xueqiang Lu  Chunsheng Zhao  Liang Ran  Suqin Han 《大气科学进展》2015,32(3):439-444

Tianjin is the third largest megacity and the fastest growth area in China, and consequently faces the problems of surface ozone and haze episodes. This study measures and characterizes volatile organic compounds(VOCs), which are ozone precursors, to identify their possible sources and evaluate their contribution to ozone formation in urban and suburban Tianjin,China during the Ha Chi(Haze in China) summer campaign in 2009. A total of 107 species of ambient VOCs were detected,and the average concentrations of VOCs at urban and suburban sites were 92 and 174 ppbv, respectively. Of those, 51 species of VOCs were extracted to analyze the possible VOC sources using positive matrix factorization. The identified sources of VOCs were significantly related to vehicular activities, which specifically contributed 60% to urban and 42% to suburban VOCs loadings in Tianjin. Industrial emission was the second most prominent source of ambient VOCs in both urban and suburban areas, although the contribution of industry in the suburban area(36%) was much higher than that at the urban area(16%). We conclude that controlling vehicle emissions should be a top priority for VOC reduction, and that fast industrialization and urbanization causes air pollution to be more complex due to the combined emission of VOCs from industry and daily life, especially in suburban areas.  相似文献   

Application of aircraft observations over Beijing in cloud microphysical property retrievals from CloudSat   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

WANG Lei  LI Chengcai  YAO Zhigang  ZHAO Zengliang  HAN Zhigang  WEI Qiang 《大气科学进展》2014,31(4):926-937

Cloud microphysical property retrievals from the active microwave instrument on a satellite require the cloud droplet size distribution obtained from aircraft observations as a priori data in the iteration procedure.The cloud lognormal size distributions derived from 12 flights over Beijing,China,in 2008-09 were characterized to evaluate and improve regional CloudSat cloud water content retrievals.We present the distribution parameters of stratiform cloud droplet （diameter ＜500 tm and ＜1500 μm） and discuss the effect of large particles on distribution parameter fitting.Based on three retrieval schemes with different lognormal size distribution parameters,the vertical distribution of cloud liquid and ice water content were derived and then compared with the aircraft observations.The results showed that the liquid water content （LWC） retrievals from large particle size distributions were more consistent with the vertical distribution of cloud water content profiles derived from in situ data on 25 September 2006.We then applied two schemes with different a priori data derived from flight data to CloudSat overpasses in northern China during April-October in 2008 and 2009.The CloudSat cloud water path （CWP） retrievals were compared with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） liquid water path （LWP） data.The results indicated that considering a priori data including large particle size information can significantly improve the consistency between the CloudSat CWP and MODIS CWP.These results strongly suggest that it is necessary to consider particles with diameters greater than 50 tm in CloudSat LWC retrievals.  相似文献   

Parameterizations of surface radiation in the semiarid grasslands of Inner Mongolia under clear-sky conditions using MODIS data     

Lichun Peng  Wanbiao Li 《大气科学进展》2014,31(5):1197-1208

A set of improved and efficient radiation parameterization schemes for surface radiation balance components under clear- sky conditions was developed by using general surface measurements and MODIS data. The set of schemes was then adapted for regions similar to the present study sites under different grazing intensities and varying degrees of drought in the semiarid grasslands of Inner Mongolia. Specifically, we mainly improved two schemes for estimating downward shortwave and longwave radiation at the surface, which could be applied to regions with certain degrees of drought. The validation datasets were from ground-based observations at various grazing sites during the growing season （May to September） of different drought years, 2005 and 2006. Through comparisons of parameterized versus measured radiation values, the increased or modified factors in the original schemes demonstrated improved estimation accuracy, and the rationalities of input parameters and variables were analyzed. The regional instantaneous net radiation estimations had root-mean-square errors of less than 30 W m-2 compared with ground measurements at the sites during the study period. The statistical results showed the improved schemes are suitable for estimating surface net radiation in regional semiarid areas during the growing season. Analyses of the sensitivity of the schemes to corresponding variables were conducted to ascertain the major error sources of the schemes and potential variables for improving the performance of the schemes in agreement with observations.  相似文献   

低空急流的研究进展与展望   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

刘鸿波  何明洋  王斌  张庆红 《气象学报》2014,72(2):191-206

低空急流与强降水事件、空气污染、风能利用、航空安全、沙尘暴、森林火灾及其他诸多天气、气候现象存在着密切的联系,因此自发现之日起便受到人们的广泛关注。在过去的半个多世纪中,中外气象学家围绕着低空急流事件开展了大量的研究并取得了丰硕的研究成果。对这些成果进行了综合回顾,重点对低空急流的分类和定义、分布状况及结构特征,低空急流形成演变机制,低空急流与降水及其他领域的关系等三个方面的研究工作进行了总结。最后通过对比分析中外针对低空急流事件的研究历史和现状,指出了中国现有研究工作中所存在的诸如低空急流选取标准宽松、观测数据缺乏且质量控制不完善、低空急流自身特征与形成演变机制研究数量和深度有限、交叉领域研究工作匮乏等方面的问题,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。  相似文献   

Different multi-fractal behaviors of diurnal temperature range over the north and the south of China     

Naiming Yuan  Zuntao Fu  Jiangyu Mao 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2013,112(3-4):673-682

Multi-fractal behaviors of diurnal temperature range (DTR for short) from 100 stations over China during 1956–2010 are analyzed by means of multi-fractal detrended fluctuation analysis. By making a Monte-Carlo simulation, we obtain two criterions which can be used to decide whether a DTR series is significantly multi-fractal or not. With these criterions, different multi-fractal behaviors are found over the north and the south of China, and Yangtze River is roughly the dividing line. Over the north region, nearly all the considered DTR series do not show multi-fractal behaviors, while the results are completely the opposite over the south. The findings are confirmed by the scaling behaviors of the corresponding DTR magnitude series and indicate that more scale-dependent structure differences may be hidden in DTR series over the north and the south of China. Therefore, an extensive analysis of the multi-fractal behaviors are essential for a better understanding of the complex structures of the climate changes.  相似文献   

北京“7.21”特大暴雨环流形势极端性客观分析   总被引：14，自引：3，他引：11  

赵洋洋  张庆红  杜宇  江漫  张季平 《气象学报》2013,71(5):817-824

2012年7月21日(简称“7.21”),北京发生了自1951年以来最强的暴雨事件。利用倾斜旋转T模态主成分分析法和美国国家环境预报中心/美国国家大气研究中心再分析资料,探讨了北京“7.21”特大暴雨的大尺度环流形势的极端性。结果表明,北京“7.21”暴雨日所属的大尺度环流型在1951—2012年夏季出现的频率为10.9%,而在“7.21”同类环流型中暴雨出现的概率为4.51%。和同类暴雨日平均场相比,“7.21”暴雨日当天西太平洋副热带高压西伸更强,北京地区对流层低空急流更强,并伴随环境大气中极端充沛的可降水量和较大的风垂直切变。在“7.21”同类环流型下的621 d中,“7.21”暴雨日北京南侧的低空急流排在第54位,北京局地风垂直切变排在第209位,可降水量排在第8位,显示出其在低空急流和可降水量上的极端性。1951—2012年夏季,具有“7.21”暴雨日同类环流形势、且925 hPa低空急流和可降水量均达到或超过“7.21”暴雨日值的个例有3次,相当于每21年发生一次。  相似文献   

Influences of Different PBL Schemes on Secondary Eyewall Formation and Eyewall Replacement Cycle in Simulated Typhoon Sinlaku (2008)          下载免费PDF全文

ZHANG Yutao  JIANG Yuxin  TAN Benkui 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2013,27(3):322-334

The effects of different planetary boundary layer (PBL) processes on the secondary eyewall formation (SEF) and eyewall replacement cycle (ERC) in Typhoon Sinlaku (2008) are investigated by using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with six different PBL schemes. The SEF and ERC have been successfully simulated with all the six PBL schemes and the mechanism for the SEF and ERC proposed in our previous study has been reconfirmed. It is demonstrated that both the intensification of the storm and the inward-moving outer spiral rainband contribute to the SEF. After the SEF, the associated diabatic heating enhances the secondary eyewall further, and the transfer of moist air from outer region to the primary eyewall is cut off by the secondary eyewall. In such a way, the primary eyewall dies and an ERC completes. It is found that some simulated features of the SEF and ERC, such as the time and location of the SEF and duration of the ERC, do vary from one simulation to another. In order to describe the features of the SEF and ERC quantitatively, a concentric eyewall index (CEI) is defined and a threshold of the CEI is suggested to determine the onset of the secondary eyewall. The differences in the simulated SEF and ERC are discussed and some possible causes are suggested. In addition, based on the CEI threshold and the conservation law of angular momentum, a formula to predict the location of SEF is also proposed and applied to all the six simulations. The success and failure of the formula are then discussed.  相似文献   

一次冷涡背景下强对流不稳定条件的成因分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李云静  张建春  王捷纯  方纯纯 《气象》2013,39(2):210-217

利用常规观测资料及NCEP再分析资料,在分析环流背景、探空资料的基础上,通过选取不同的高度和温度,对比研究四种CAPE以及CAPE场与地面要素场的关系,对发生在辽宁沈阳的一次冷涡背景下的强对流天气进行不稳定条件成因分析.结果表明,水汽潜热是不稳定能量的主要组成部分,冷涡背景下低层暖湿平流、高层冷干平流有利于不稳定能量的累积,从而导致强对流天气的发生;对流温度CAPE可以反映午后发生强对流所必需的不稳定能量,对强对流天气预报具有一定指示意义.  相似文献