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31.
In the present study, the performance of the GRAPES model in wind simulation over south China was assessed. The simulations were evaluated by using surface observations and two sounding stations in south China. The results show that the GRAPES model could provide a reliable simulation of the distribution and diurnal variation of the wind. It showed a generally overestimated southerly wind speed especially over the Pearl River Delta region and the south of Jiangxi Province as well as the coastal region over south China. GRAPES also exhibited a large number of stations with the opposite surface wind directions over the east of Guangxi and the south of Jiangxi during the nocturnal- to-morning period, as well as an overall overestimation of surface wind over the coastal regions during the afternoon. Although GRAPES could simulate the general evolutional characteristics of vertical wind profile, it underestimated wind speed above 900 hPa and overestimated wind speed below 900 hPa. Though the parameterization scheme of gravity wave drag proved to be an effective method to alleviate the systematic deviation of wind simulation, GRAPES still exhibited large errors in wind simulation, especially in the lower and upper troposphere. 相似文献
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利用1961—2019年中国2407个气象站的日最高气温资料,在判别华南、长江、黄淮和华北4个区域持续高温过程的基础上,比较各区域持续高温过程的气候变化特征。结果表明:华南区域性持续高温过程跨越季节最长,从5月中旬至10月初均可能出现;华南区域性持续高温指数存在显著的线性增长趋势,其增长率最高（3.3 d·（10 a）-1）。长江区域性持续高温过程持续性强,气候平均年累积日数最多,但通常出现区域持续高温过程最迟;长江区域性持续高温指数存在线性增长趋势。黄淮区域性持续高温指数的线性增长趋势不明显,但黄淮区域历史上仅有的4次非夏季持续高温过程均发生于20世纪90年代末至21世纪初。华北区域性持续高温过程气候平均年累积日数少、结束早;华北区域性持续高温指数存在显著的线性增长趋势,线性增长相关系数仅次于华南。长江和华南两区域持续高温指数的相对强弱存在显著的年代际变化,1961—1978年长江明显强于华南,1979—2019年则为华南略强于长江。 相似文献
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2007年5月20日粤西茂名与阳江海岸带地区发生一场小时降水量达到115 mm的短时大暴雨。采用NCEP/NCAR FNL 1 °×1 °再分析资料,结合多普勒天气雷达、高空探空、自动站资料和风廓线雷达观测资料,分析此次暴雨过程的天气尺度系统与中尺度系统特征,探讨不同尺度系统对这次暴雨天气过程的作用。分析结果表明:（1）此次暴雨过程是由准线状中尺度对流系统导致的,对流系统的移动速度缓慢是导致出现暴雨的主要原因;（2）在暴雨发生前,整层大气水汽充沛,处于近饱和稳定状态;暴雨发生期间局地大气处于条件不稳定状态;中层弱冷槽过境及“上干下湿”的温湿结构增加了环境大气的不稳定性;（3）北部湾低压（槽）发展导致的强盛低层西南气流为暴雨发生提供了充沛的水汽;高空槽后干冷空气南下形成的深厚干层,有助于对流凝结潜热的释放;高层辐散、低层辐合环流为低层暖湿空气提供了垂直上升动力;（4）中尺度对流系统在地势相对平缓的沿海地区发展和加强,地形的动力抬升和辐合作用不大。对流活动诱发的低层密度流在对流带前缘不断激发出新的对流单体,对对流系统的维持和发展起关键作用;（5）对流单体的风暴传播效应使对流系统具有逆风传播的特征,移速缓慢;层云降水的蒸发冷却有可能改变其低层的温度梯度,使环境大气的不稳定性加强。 相似文献
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2019年5月18日,广东省韶关市出现了局地特大暴雨,刷新了韶关有气象记录以来的雨量记录。利用常规观测资料、区域气象自动站观测资料、韶关双偏振多普勒天气雷达资料,以及NCEP 1 °×1 °再分析资料对本次过程进行详细分析,探讨本次过程发生的极端性成因。(1) 本次过程是粤北历史罕见的局地暖区突发性特大暴雨过程,天气尺度的背景场较弱,极端性条件不显著,但能从中尺度分析场分析出暴雨潜势。(2) 暴雨发生之前,韶关一直处于偏南暖湿气流控制的区域,并且随着对流抑制减小为0,对流有效位能增强,自由对流高度下降至近地面,使得气块更容易被强迫抬升。(3) 多个单体持续发展与合并,出现“列车效应”,近地面冷池维持向南楔入,低层西南风加强叠加于冷池上导致强风速辐合辐散区和中气旋的出现,是维持强回波持续发展的重要原因;回波呈暖区降水的垂直结构特性,也呈现出近地面层冷池对暖湿气流强迫抬升的结构特征,侧面说明了强降水触发机制。(4) 地形对对流触发和暴雨的增幅有重要影响,峡谷和喇叭口地形加强了偏南气流的汇入及辐合作用,山前迎风坡除了地形抬升作用外,位于山前的地面辐合线对于对流既有触发又有加强与维持的作用。(5) 山前强水平温度梯度为对流发生提供了有利的环境条件,当初生对流出现降雨之后,水平温度梯度进一步加强,形成了温度梯度与对流强度之间的正反馈过程,因而对流持续发展与维持。(6) 对于此类突发的短历时强降水造成的暖区暴雨,监测和短临预警仍然是主要手段。 相似文献
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有些南海弱台风在登陆广东时,由于路径复杂、移动缓慢,会对广东地区造成较长时间和较大范围的风雨灾害。使用双偏振雷达对2018—2020年登陆广东的南海弱台风分析,发现南海弱台风在登陆前强降水区主要有两个:一个是位于海上的台风中心南侧眼墙的降水区,另外一个是在台风移动方向的右前方,台风螺旋雨带上岸的区域。在眼墙中,ZH和KDP的大值区在低层同位相,ZDR大值区位于偏上风方向,降水粒子在移动的右侧开始激发,移动的右侧至右前侧为浓度较大的小粒子降水,而右侧和右后侧为大粒子降水。而且台风降水粒子在海洋和陆地有明显差异,陆地由于地形摩擦和抬升作用,降水粒子浓度较大,但水汽和能量供应不足,降水粒子直径较小;海面由于水汽和能量供应充足,对流发展较高,主要为大雨滴的对流降水,但降水粒子浓度不及陆地。 相似文献
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By deriving the discrete equation of the parameterized equation for the New Medium-Range Forecast (NMRF) boundary layer scheme in the GRAPES model, the adjusted discrete equation for temperature is obviously different from the original equation under the background of hydrostatic equilibrium and adiabatic hypothesis. In the present research, three discrete equations for temperature in the NMRF boundary layer scheme are applied, namely the original (hereafter NMRF), the adjustment (hereafter NMRF-gocp), and the one in the YSU boundary-layer scheme (hereafter NMRF-TZ). The results show that the deviations of height, temperature, U and V wind in the boundary layer in the NMRF-gocp and NMRF-TZ experiments are smaller than those in the NMRF experiment and the deviations in the NMRF-gocp experiment are the smallest. The deviations of humidity are complex for the different forecasting lead time in the three experiments. Moreover, there are obvious diurnal variations of deviations from these variables, where the diurnal variations of deviations from height and temperature are similar and those from U and V wind are also similar. However, the diurnal variation of humidity is relatively complicated. The root means square errors of 2m temperature (T2m) and 10m speed (V10m) from the three experiments show that the error of NMRF-gocp is the smallest and that of NMRF is the biggest. There is also a diurnal variation of T2m and V10m, where T2m has double peaks and V10m has only one peak. Comparison of the discrete equations between NMRF and NMRF-gocp experiments shows that the deviation of temperature is likely to be caused by the calculation of vertical eddy diffusive coefficients of heating, which also leads to the deviations of other elements. 相似文献
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Renewable energy sources, especially wind power, were believed to be able to slow down global warming; however, evidence in recent years shows that wind farms may also induce climate change. With the rapid development of wind power industry, the number of wind farms installed in mountains has gradually increased. Therefore, it is necessary to study the impact of wind farms in mountainous areas on local climate. The Suizhou and Dawu wind farms in northern Hubei Province were chosen for the present study on the impact of wind farm operations on the local climate in mountainous areas. The mesoscale meteorological numerical model Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) and the Fitch model, together with turbulence correction factor, were used to simulate wind farm operations and study their effects on local climate. The results showed the characteristics of wind speed attenuation in mountainous wind farms: the amplitude and range of wind speed attenuation were stronger in the nighttime than in the daytime, and stronger in summer than in winter. The surface temperature increased and became more significant in summer. However, a cooling variation was observed above the surface warming center. The height of this center was higher in the daytime than it was in the nighttime. The latent heat flux in the wind farms decreased at night, accompanied by an increase in sensible heat flux. However, these changes were not significant. Some differences were observed between the impact of wind farms on the climate in the plains and the mountains. Such differences are more likely to be related to complex terrain conditions, climate conditions, and the density of wind turbines. The present study may provide support for the development and construction of wind farms in mountainous areas. 相似文献
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利用1961—2017年共57年中国地面观测站日降水资料,采用滑动平均、百分位和点面相关分析等方法,根据延伸期预报特点以及监测预报和研究需求,着眼于体现强降水过程的区域性、持续性和致灾性,并兼顾区域气候特征和普适性,建立区域持续性强降水过程定义指标。根据该指标查找判断我国东部四个关键区域（华南、长江、黄淮、华北）的历史降水过程,1961—2017年期间共有557次区域持续性强降水过程,平均每年约10次,其中华南、长江、黄淮、华北分别有267、155、78、49次,平均每年各有4.7次、2.7次、1.4次和0.9次,呈由南向北递减的分布。统计评估结果表明,该指标能客观地判断出持续影响同一区域的相对稳定类型的大尺度持续性强降水过程,适用于延伸期业务服务和研究。 相似文献
40.
南海-西太平洋春季对流10~30天振荡强度对南海夏季风爆发早晚的影响 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
采用NCEP再分析资料,揭示了南海-西太平洋春季对流存在显著的10~30天振荡周期。在年际尺度上,南海-西太平洋春季对流10~30天振荡强度（简称SCSWP_SISO）与南海夏季风爆发日期存在显著的负相关关系。当春季菲律宾和西太平洋海温偏高、赤道太平洋中部及以东地区海温偏低时,索马里、110 °E越赤道气流会加强,南海-西太平洋偏西风加强,产生异常气旋性环流,垂直上升运动增强,水汽异常偏多,东西风切变增强,有利于SCSWP_SISO增强。而SCSWP_SISO增强时,有由南往北、自西向东的异常气旋传播,从而减弱低层副热带高压使之较早撤出南海,南海夏季风得以较早爆发。反之亦然。在不同的年代际背景下,SCSWP_SISO经历了偏弱、较弱和偏强的变化,但影响其变化的因子并不完全一致。在第一阶段（1958—1976年）,主导因子是南海-西太平洋冷的海温与异常下沉运动、异常减弱的水汽-对流条件。在第二阶段（1977—1993年）,主导因子为中东太平洋异常偏冷的海温以及局地异常减弱的风场垂直切变。在第三阶段（1994—2011年）,主导因子为热带海温的整体偏暖、风场垂直切变的增强以及水汽-对流的加强。但随着SCSWP_SISO的年代际增强,其与南海夏季风爆发日期的相关关系却呈现下降趋势。 相似文献