Energetic Charged Particles Above Thunderclouds     

Martin Füllekrug  Declan Diver  Jean-Louis Pinçon  Alan D. R. Phelps  Anne Bourdon  Christiane Helling  Elisabeth Blanc  Farideh Honary  R. Giles Harrison  Jean-André Sauvaud  Jean-Baptiste Renard  Mark Lester  Michael Rycroft  Mike Kosch  Richard B. Horne  Serge Soula  Stéphane Gaffet 《Surveys in Geophysics》2013,34(1):1-41

The French government has committed to launch the satellite TARANIS to study transient coupling processes between the Earth’s atmosphere and near-Earth space. The prime objective of TARANIS is to detect energetic charged particles and hard radiation emanating from thunderclouds. The British Nobel prize winner C.T.R. Wilson predicted lightning discharges from the top of thunderclouds into space almost a century ago. However, new experiments have only recently confirmed energetic discharge processes which transfer energy from the top of thunderclouds into the upper atmosphere and near-Earth space; they are now denoted as transient luminous events, terrestrial gamma-ray flashes and relativistic electron beams. This meeting report builds on the current state of scientific knowledge on the physics of plasmas in the laboratory and naturally occurring plasmas in the Earth’s atmosphere to propose areas of future research. The report specifically reflects presentations delivered by the members of a novel Franco-British collaboration during a meeting at the French Embassy in London held in November 2011. The scientific subjects of the report tackle ionization processes leading to electrical discharge processes, observations of transient luminous events, electromagnetic emissions, energetic charged particles and their impact on the Earth’s atmosphere. The importance of future research in this area for science and society, and towards spacecraft protection, is emphasized.  相似文献   

Non-invasive characterization of water-bearing strata using a combination of geophysical techniques     

《Journal of Applied Geophysics》2013

Hydrogeological investigations were carried out in an arid area of Inner-Mongolia to determine the locations of future water supply resources. The first geophysical survey was conducted near Baiqi to identify favorable boreholes using magnetic resonance sounding (MRS). The yield capacities of 43 sites were investigated, and the extent of the potential groundwater storage was determined. Previous studies have indicated that a major tectonic structure may have a significant impact on the groundwater flow and well yield in the study area. Therefore, high-resolution seismic surveys were applied in the second stage of the investigation to determine the fault locations. After the regional identification, a major structure was investigated in detail to map the fracture patterns. Based on the assumption that the hydraulic conductivity of this formation is similar along the entire strike of the fracture, we proposed drilling a borehole (BQ3) in the zone. However, this well has a yield of only 0.8 L/s, falling short of the required flow rate of 3.0 L/s. Therefore, the objective of the final stage of exploration was to accurately define the attitude and extension of the aquifer and to select a more favorable borehole site that would meet the required water flow rate. The geophysical exploration was carried out using time-domain electromagnetic (TDEM) and MRS methods. The MRS results suggest optimal locations for water supply boreholes within the subsurface structures mapped by the TDEM inversion method. The data obtained by drilling and coring are in agreement with the predicted aquifer thickness from the TDEM data. Pumping tests indicate that the water discharge of borehole BQ4 was 3.5 L/s. Our results demonstrate that the delineation of the groundwater body using a combined application of three geophysical methods (the MRS, TDEM and 2D seismic methods) was successful.  相似文献   

The assimilation of spectral sensing and the WOFOST model for the dynamic simulation of cadmium accumulation in rice tissues     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2013

The accurate detection of heavy metal-induced stress on crop growth is important for food security and agricultural, ecological and environmental protection. Spectral sensing offers an efficient and undamaged observation tool to monitor soil and vegetation contamination. This study proposed a methodology for dynamically estimating the total cadmium (Cd) accumulation in rice tissues by assimilating spectral information into WOFOST (World Food Study) model. Based on the differences among ground hyperspectral data of rice in three experiments fields under different Cd concentration levels, the spectral indices MCARI1, NREP and RH were selected to reflect the rice stress condition and dry matter production of rice. With assimilating these sensitive spectral indices into the WOFOST + PROSPECT + SAIL model to optimize the Cd pollution stress factor f_wi, the dynamic dry matter production processes of rice were adjusted. Based on the relation between dry matter production and Cd accumulation, we dynamically simulating the Cd accumulation in rice tissues. The results showed that the method performed well in dynamically estimating the total amount of Cd accumulation in rice tissues with R² over 85%. This study suggests that the proposed method of integrating the spectral information and the crop growth model could successfully dynamically simulate the Cd accumulation in rice tissues.  相似文献   

A modified stochastic neighbor embedding for multi-feature dimension reduction of remote sensing images     

《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2013

In automated remote sensing based image analysis, it is important to consider the multiple features of a certain pixel, such as the spectral signature, morphological property, and shape feature, in both the spatial and spectral domains, to improve the classification accuracy. Therefore, it is essential to consider the complementary properties of the different features and combine them in order to obtain an accurate classification rate. In this paper, we introduce a modified stochastic neighbor embedding (MSNE) algorithm for multiple features dimension reduction (DR) under a probability preserving projection framework. For each feature, a probability distribution is constructed based on t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE), and we then alternately solve t-SNE and learn the optimal combination coefficients for different features in the proposed multiple features DR optimization. Compared with conventional remote sensing image DR strategies, the suggested algorithm utilizes both the spatial and spectral features of a pixel to achieve a physically meaningful low-dimensional feature representation for the subsequent classification, by automatically learning a combination coefficient for each feature. The classification results using hyperspectral remote sensing images (HSI) show that MSNE can effectively improve RS image classification performance.  相似文献   

Tracking of facial deformations in multi-image sequences with elimination of rigid motion of the head     

《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2013

The paper deals with measurement of human facial deformations from synchronized image sequences taken with multiple calibrated cameras from different viewpoints. SIFT (Scale Invariant Feature Transform) keypoints are utilized as image feature points in the first place to determine spatial and temporal correspondences between images. If no temporal match is found for an image point by keypoint matching, then the tracking of the point is switched to least squares matching provided the point has one or more spatial corresponding points in the other views of the previous frame. For this purpose, a new method based on affine multi-image least squares matching is proposed where multiple spatial and temporal template images are simultaneously matched against each search image and part of the spatial template images also change during adjustment. A new method based on analyzing temporal changes in the image coordinates of the tracked points in multiple views is then presented for detecting the 3-D points which move only rigidly between consecutive frames. These points are used to eliminate the effect of rigid motion of the head and to obtain the changes in the 3-D points and in the corresponding image points due to pure deformation of the face. The methods are thoroughly tested with three multi-image sequences of four cameras including also quite large changes of facial deformations. The test results prove that the proposed affine multi-image least squares matching yields better results than another method using only fixed templates of the previous frame. The elimination of the effect of rigid motion works well and the points where the face is deforming can be correctly detected and the true deformation estimated. A method based on a novel adaptive threshold is also proposed for automated extraction and tracking of circular targets on a moving calibration object.  相似文献   

Bi-cubic interpolation for shift-free pan-sharpening     

《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2013

Most of pan-sharpening techniques require the re-sampling of the multi-spectral (MS) image for matching the size of the panchromatic (Pan) image, before the geometric details of Pan are injected into the MS image. This operation is usually performed in a separable fashion by means of symmetric digital low-pass filtering kernels with odd lengths that utilize piecewise local polynomials, typically implementing linear or cubic interpolation functions. Conversely, constant, i.e. nearest-neighbour, and quadratic kernels, implementing zero and two degree polynomials, respectively, introduce shifts in the magnified images, that are sub-pixel in the case of interpolation by an even factor, as it is the most usual case. However, in standard satellite systems, the point spread functions (PSF) of the MS and Pan instruments are centered in the middle of each pixel. Hence, commercial MS and Pan data products, whose scale ratio is an even number, are relatively shifted by an odd number of half pixels. Filters of even lengths may be exploited to compensate the half-pixel shifts between the MS and Pan sampling grids. In this paper, it is shown that separable polynomial interpolations of odd degrees are feasible with linear-phase kernels of even lengths. The major benefit is that bi-cubic interpolation, which is known to represent the best trade-off between performances and computational complexity, can be applied to commercial MS + Pan datasets, without the need of performing a further half-pixel registration after interpolation, to align the expanded MS with the Pan image.  相似文献   

国内超声波测距研究应用现状   总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19  

李戈  孟祥杰  王晓华  王重秋 《测绘科学》2011,36(4):60-62

本文结合超声波测距原理,对超声波回波信号处理、新型换能器研发、发射脉冲选取的国内研究现状,以及该技术在液位测量、移动机器人定位和避障、汽车防撞、曲面仿形检测的应用现状作了综述,分析了超声波测距系统现阶段存在的常见问题,相应提出了解决方案,并对超声波测距的发展与应用趋势进行了展望.  相似文献   

道路边桩自动绘制算法实现及应用     

刘德儿  王亮  彭涛 《测绘科学》2011,36(5):211-213

道路边桩是用来控制道路宽度的一个道路要素,边桩分为道路征地红线边桩和实际道路设计宽度边桩.在内业处理过程中需要将这些边桩及其相关的边桩距离、中桩绘制在设计图上.为了将这些数据按照成果提交要求快速准确绘制,本文提出了一套绘制算法,并鉴于设计数据格式为AutoCAD格式,利用ObjectArx组件技术对算法编程实现,实现了...  相似文献   

A brief history of the solar oblateness. A review     

C. Damiani  J.P. Rozelot  S. Lefebvre  A. Kilcik  A.G. Kosovichev 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2011,73(2-3):241-250

We hereby present a review on solar oblateness measurements. By emphasizing historical data, we illustrate how the discordance between experimental results can lead to substantial improvements in the building of new technical apparatus as well as to the emergence of new ideas to develop new theories. We stress out the need to get accurate data from space to enhance our knowledge of the solar core in order to develop more precise ephemerids and ultimately build possible new gravitational theories.  相似文献   

Equatorial ionospheric responses in relation to the occurrence of main phase of intense geomagnetic storms in the local dusk sector     

R. Hajra  S.K. Chakraborty 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2011,73(7-8):760-770

During five intense geomagnetic storms with main phases occurring around local dusk sector, equatorial ionosonde and electrojet data, VHF/UHF scintillation data of Calcutta, and several solar wind parameters are investigated to ascertain the polarity of prompt penetration electric field (PPEF). Abrupt increases in AE, ASY-H and/or sharp decreases in D_st/SYM-H with strong southward IMF B_z may symbolize eastward PPEF to equatorial latitude leading to evolution of density irregularities if the period is associated with arrival and sustenance of large magnetospheric shock compression. On the contrary, westward PPEF is more feasible if the shock reduces suddenly or fluctuates with small values.  相似文献