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《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2016,76(3):419-428
Tooeleite, nominally Fe63+(As3+O3)4(SO4)(OH)4·4H2O, is a relatively uncommon mineral of some acid-mine drainage systems. Yet, if it does occur, it does so in large quantities, indicating that some specific conditions favor the formation of this mineral in the system Fe-As-S-O-H. In this contribution, we report the thermodynamic properties of synthetic tooeleite. The sample was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, extended X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. These methods confirmed that the sample is pure, devoid of amorphous impurities of iron oxides, and that the oxidation state of arsenic is 3+. Using acid-solution calorimetry, the enthalpy of formation of this mineral from the elements at the standard conditions was determined as −6196.6 ± 8.6 kJ mol−1. The entropy of tooeleite, calculated from low-temperature heat capacity data measured by relaxation calorimetry, is 899.0 ± 10.8 J mol−1 K−1. The calculated standard Gibbs free energy of formation is −5396.3 ± 9.3 kJ mol−1. The log Ksp value, calculated for the reaction Fe6(AsO3)4(SO4)(OH)4·4H2O + 16H+ = 6Fe3+ + 4H3AsO3 + SO42− + 8H2O, is −17.25 ± 1.80. Tooeleite has stability field only at very high activities of aqueous sulfate and arsenate. As such, it does not appear to be a good candidate for arsenic immobilization at polluted sites. An inspection of speciation diagrams shows that the predominance field of Fe3+ and As3+ overlap only at strongly basic conditions. The formation of tooeleite, therefore, requires strictly selective oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ and, at the same time, firm conservation of the trivalent oxidation state of arsenic. Such conditions can be realized only by biological systems (microorganisms) which can selectively oxidize one redox-active element but leave the other ones untouched. Hence, tooeleite is the first example of an “obligatory” biomineral under the conditions prevailing at or near the Earth's surface because its formation under these conditions necessitates the action of microorganisms. 相似文献
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鸡笼山金矿是长江中下游鄂东南地区典型的矽卡岩金矿床,其矽卡岩矿物学特征研究较少。围岩为三叠纪大冶组灰岩和白云质灰岩,决定了该矿床发育丰富的矽卡岩矿物组合,主要包括石榴石、透辉石、硅灰石、绿帘石、金云母等。本文详细研究了不同阶段矽卡岩的矿物学特征,并对其进行了电子探针分析（EMPA）。结果表明石榴石属于钙铝-钙铁系列,辉石为透辉石,以钙铁榴石-透辉石共生的富金矽卡岩组合是在较高氧逸度和较低酸度条件下形成的,具有铜金矿的成矿专属性。伴随着流体的演化,矽卡岩与矿体在时空和成因上都具有密切的联系。结合矿区内发育有斑岩型矿体,暗示鸡笼山金矿床可能具有统一的斑岩-矽卡岩型成矿系统,深部具有很大的找矿潜力。 相似文献
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高光谱影像具有图谱合一的特点,图像空间信息是遥感影像的重要信息,但以往基于最佳波段选择的降维方法中只考虑基于灰度统计的特征空间信息,忽视了图像空间信息,而且计算量大。综合高光谱遥感影像的特征空间与图像空间信息,提出了一种多特征结合的高光谱影像降维方法并应用于矿物填图中。统计分析波段相关性并划分不同特征子空间;计算各波段的分形维数,在各子空间选择分形维数较小的波段作为候选波段;在候选波段中,计算待识别地物光谱间的相关系数,并快速选择出最佳波段组合。经实验,应用该方法选出的最佳波段组合影像清晰、不同蚀变矿物对比明显,根据特征选择提取出的矿物蚀变信息与应用成熟的光谱角制图(SAM)提取结果大致相同,表明结合图像空间和特征空间的降维方法能够选择出理想的波段组合,有效降低高光谱数据的维数,信息提取效果好。 相似文献
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柯坪断隆新生代推覆构造是南天山南缘冲断系统的一部分,断隆上多排逆冲岩席被数条横向断裂复杂化,致使不同地段岩席排数不等,各排岩席在走向上的对应关系不明,形成了十分奇特的山弯构造.逆冲岩席的变形特点是南天山新生代造山运动的重要表征.笔者通过卫星影像分析和野外路线地质调查,对横向断裂切割各排逆冲岩席之切点部位的构造特征及岩席内部中小型构造所显示的成因信息进行了详细分析,据此,对复杂岩席在走向上进行了连接,对其数量进行了识别.在此基础上,提出了复杂岩席成因的斜冲褶皱模式,即在北西向应力场持续作用下,岩席向南东斜冲,并在其水平位移分量作用下,沿走向发生褶皱和斜冲错断:横向断裂是多排岩席褶皱翼部扭性断层的发展和连通. 相似文献
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宁夏中南部主要包括中卫市和固原市,该区属香山一卫宁北山一固原铜、金、铁、铅锌多金属成矿带,也是宁夏重要的金属矿产矿集区。研究区大地构造位于北祁连褶皱系走廊过渡带东段。铁矿床类型主要有中低温热液充填交代型和地表浅部氧化淋滤型;含矿层位主要为下石炭统前黑山组、臭牛沟组以及上石炭统土坡组,其沉积建造主要为粉砂岩一泥岩建造、石英砂岩建造、碳酸盐岩建造;矿体主要沿断裂分布,呈脉状、透镜状和似层状;具有原生矿石和氧化矿石两种矿石类型。成矿物质主要来源于地层;褶皱和断裂构造为成矿流体提供了有利的运移通道和淀积空间,从而对矿体的空间展布起到了控制作用;岩浆热液和围岩蚀变对成矿物质的聚集以及重新分配、改造起到了重要的作用。 相似文献
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LI Ruibao PEI Xianzhi LI Zhuochen SUN Yu PEI Lei CHEN Guochao CHEN Youxin LIU Chengjun WEI Fanghui 《《地质学报》英文版》2013,87(2):333-345
The Helegangnaren feldspar granite exposed in the eastern part of East Kunlun, is characterized by high concentrations of SiO2 and alkaline, low abundances of Fe, Mg and Ca, metaluminous-weak peraluminous. Trace elements analysis shows that the granite is depleted extremely in Ba, Sr and Eu, and rich in some large-ion lithophile elements and high field strength elements. Besides, the granite has high Ga contents, the values of 104(Ga/Al) vary from 2.50 to 2.77, which is mainly greater than the lower limit of A-type granites (2.6), and is higher than the I- and S-type granites’ average (2.1 and 2.28, respectively). Rare earth element (REE) is characterized by relatively high fractionations of light REE (LREE) and heavy REE (HREE) (LREE/HREE=9.3–13.60, (La/Yb)N=10.92–18.02), pronounced negative Eu anomalies (δEu=0.08–0.13), and exhibits right-dipping gull pattern. Major elements, rare elements and trace elements features show the granite is ascribed to A-type granite and A2 subtype in tectonic genetic type. They are plotted into post-collision or within-plate area in a variety of tectonic discriminations. Geological and geochemical data comprehensively suggest that the granite is formed in a post-collision extensive tectonic setting. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) zircon U-Pb dating yields a weighted mean age of 425?Ma, belonging to Middle Silurian, which is similar to the age of the post-collision geological events in the region. The differences of magmatic rocks in formation age, rocks assemblage and rocks series systematically indicate that the regional tectonic stress regime in the East Kunlun orogenic belt experienced a major transformation from compress to extension in Middle Silurianin, and the Helegangnaren feldspar granite intruded in the early stage of tectonic transformation. 相似文献