城市地质学基础理论探讨          下载免费PDF全文

林良俊  马震  郭旭  Zhenya Zhang  李亚民 《中国地质》2020,47(6):1668-1676

城市地质有近百年的研究历史,学科研究取得了很大的进展,但是总体上看,学科性质存在较多的争论,城市地质学基础理论难于满足现代城市管理的需求,无法为城市高质量发展提供系统完整的地学解决方案。本文系统梳理了国内外城市地质的发展历程和研究进展,进一步明确了城市地质学的学科性质,运用系统理论提出城市地质系统的概念,并基于这一概念,清晰地界定了城市地质学的研究对象,阐述了现代城市地质学的研究内容和技术框架,为今后形成完善的城市地质学理论体系提供研究基础。  相似文献   

内蒙古狼山地区早二叠世花岗闪长岩的年代学、地球化学特征及其构造背景          下载免费PDF全文

田健  滕学建  刘洋  滕飞  郭硕  何鹏  王文龙 《中国地质》2020,47(3):767-781

内蒙古狼山山脉西侧分布有大面积的晚古生代岩浆岩,其时代集中在早石炭世—晚二叠世,不同时代岩浆岩岩石组合对于认识狼山地区晚古生代构造背景具有重要的意义。文章通过岩石学、岩相学、地球化学及Hf同位素等方法,对狼山地区查干乃呼都格一带花岗闪长岩体进行了研究。该岩体岩性为花岗闪长岩,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄显示,其206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为(299±1)～(293±2) Ma。岩石暗色矿物为角闪石及黑云母,富含闪长质包体,P_2O_5含量与SiO_2含量之间显示良好的负相关性,富钠(Na_2O含量为3.45%～4.96%),高钠钾比值(Na_2O/K_2O比值为1.33～2.52),岩石地球化学特征显示花岗岩成因类型为Ⅰ型花岗岩。岩石具有负的ε_(Hf)(t)值(-6.3～-2.0)及T_(DM2)为1437～1704 Ma(平均值为1606 Ma),显示了古—中元古代古老地壳熔融的特点,ε_(Hf)(t)-t及角闪石成因图解显示源区有幔源岩浆参与。花岗岩富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K、Pb,不同程度的亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti,轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损,弱的负Eu异常,显示了岩浆弧的地球化学特征。结合晚石炭世—早二叠世狼山地区侵入岩岩石组合为闪长岩+石英闪长岩+花岗闪长岩(英云闪长岩),早—中二叠世大石寨组火山岩岩石组合为玄武岩+玄武安山岩+安山岩+英安岩,总体反映了陆缘弧的岩石组合;狼山地区早二叠世处于大陆边缘弧的构造背景,与华北地块北缘中东部可以对比。  相似文献   

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定超细粒度岩石和土壤样品中的稀土元素   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

王娜  徐铁民  魏双  王家松  曾江萍  张楠 《岩矿测试》2020,39(1):68-76

应用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)分析岩石和土壤样品中稀土元素的含量,取样量可低至数毫克级,但200目样品粒度要求分析取样100mg才能保证代表性,导致ICP-MS灵敏度高、取样量小的优势难以得到充分发挥。本文研究了研磨方式、研磨时间、物料比对超细粒度土壤和岩石样品制备的影响,结果表明采用乙醇作为分散剂进行湿法球磨,200目粒度的土壤、岩石样品分别研磨10min和15min,土壤样品的物料比采用物料7g、研磨球500个、分散剂45mL,岩石样品的物料比选取物料5g、研磨球500个、分散剂45mL,细化程度最佳。在此条件下制备的超细粒度土壤标准物质GBW07404、GBW07447的粒径分布D_(95)可低至7.51μm、7.05μm,超细粒度岩石标准物质GBW07104、GBW07121的D_(95)可低至8.42μm、8.30μm。在硝酸-氢氟酸-过氧化氢酸溶体系中微波消解处理超细粒度岩石标准物质GBW07104,取样量减少至5mg,总用酸量减少至0.25mL,消解时间降低为25min,稀土元素的测定值与认定值基本一致,相对标准偏差在1.64%～5.21%之间。该方法用于分析其他超细粒度标准物质(GBW07404、GBW07447和GBW07121)中的稀土元素,相对误差为0.17%～6.60%,满足《地质矿产实验室测试质量管理规范》的一级标准。  相似文献   

内蒙古东乌旗北部早古生代火山岩年代学、地球化学特征及地质意义     

杨泽黎  胡晓佳  王树庆  辛后田  李承东  刘文刚 《岩石学报》2020,36(4):1107-1126

内蒙古北部二连-东乌旗地区出露早古生代火山岩,为兴蒙造山带北缘构造-岩浆岩带的组成部分,对研究造山带早古生代构造格局及演化具有重要作用。本文对东乌旗北部早古生代中基性及酸性火山岩进行了锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石学、全岩地球化学及Sr-Nd-Hf同位素分析。定年结果显示,中基性火山岩成岩年龄为452±2Ma,酸性火山岩为430±20Ma,表明早古生代岩浆活动可延续至中志留世。地球化学组成上,中基性火山岩稀土总量中等,Eu异常不明显,富集Rb、Sr、Th、U等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta等高场强元素,特征类似岛弧岩浆岩;酸性火山岩富集Th、U,Eu负异常显著,但Rb、Ba等大离子亲石元素富集程度不高,Nb、Ta等高场强元素亏损不明显,表现出板内岩浆特点。中基性和酸性火山岩均具有亏损的同位素组成:中基性火山岩ε_(Nd)(t)=+203～+267,ε_(Hf)(t)值介于+79～+145之间;酸性火山岩ε_(Nd)(t)=+494,ε_(Hf)(t)值为+99～+153。岩石学及地球化学分析表明,中基性火山岩为岛弧环境下遭受俯冲流体交代的地幔楔部分熔融产物,酸性火山岩则来源于新生基性下地壳熔融并具有板内岩浆特征,可能指示了俯冲的结束。结合前人资料,二连-东乌旗地区早古生代岩浆活动介于晚寒武-中志留世之间,形成时间及阶段性演化特征近似于苏尼特左旗-锡林浩特早古生代岩浆岩带,暗示两者可能具有成因联系,均为早古生代古亚洲洋向北俯冲的产物。  相似文献   

太平洋海山地形与钴结壳资源分布的分形研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

章伟艳  张富元  杨克红  胡光道  杨胜雄  程永寿  赵国军 《沉积学报》2006,24(5):705-713

通过海山地形与钴结壳资源量的分形研究表明,海山地形与钴结壳资源量间呈多重分形分布。海山坡度与资源量分形呈三段式,引起海山坡度与资源量分段分形的原因是不同类型结壳分布叠加的结果。水深—资源量分形呈三到四段式,引起水深—资源量复杂分形的原因可能与海山基底洋壳有关,海山基底洋壳年龄老于165 M a的海山呈四段式分布,而小于165 M a的海山呈三段式分布。同一区域或不同区域内海山地形与资源分布各不相同。   相似文献   

星基增强系统L1频段信息服务性能分析     

赵镇  陈刚  胡志刚 《中国地震》2020,36(4):912-923

在北斗全球导航服务进程中,北斗星基增强服务的建设是我国卫星导航事业自身建设和不断完善发展的内在需求,更是我国卫星导航系统标准化建设的必然要求。本文基于星基增强信息定位原理,研究并实现星基增强系统的标准定位算法,采用IGS站点数据及增强信息电文,对WAAS与EGNOS系统服务性能进行分析评估,在“陆态网络”数据处理中,加入SBAS信息也可对相关误差进行改正。结果表明,加入播发的差分改正信息定位精度相对于伪距单点定位显著提高,平面方向统计均方根残差优于1m,高程方向优于1.2m;研究发现受地面参考站分布区域以及电离层、观测星座的影响,WAAS和EGNOS在定位服务性能覆盖范围内均表现出一定的区域性。从总体分析来看,不同系统空间段GEO卫星播发SBAS消息特性不一,均满足单频定位需求,EGNOS稳定性低于WAAS系统,播发消息时有中断现象,在实时单频定位性能方面,WAAS的服务性能较EGNOS得到更优的解算结果。  相似文献   

天津近海海底地质灾害类型及声学特征     

赵卫  熊元凯  宫少军  詹华明  乔吉果 《海洋科学》2021,45(2):119-126

作者利用浅地层剖面资料研究了天津近海海域存在的主要海底地质灾害。研究发现:浅层气、埋藏三角洲前缘、水下潮流沙脊、陡坎、沙波等地质灾害发育。浅层气主要分布在研究区北部海域的近岸附近,南部海域远离海岸浅层气逐渐增多;埋藏三角洲前缘分布区北至涧河口,南至南港工业区东部海域;水下沙脊分布于北部海域5 m~7 m水深的近岸带,地层内部前积斜层理发育;沙波区延伸长度约3 km,整体上在天津海域分布较少;海底表层陡坎出现在天津港及以南海域,其成因主要是航道两侧边缘陡坎或因吹填而抽走的泥沙造成的,近岸及远海地区均有分布。  相似文献   

Geochronology,petrogenesis and tectonic implication of Late Paleozoic volcanic rocks from the Dashizhai Formation in Inner Mongolia,NE China     

《Gondwana Research》2017

In this paper we present geochemical, zircon U–Pb and Hf isotopic data on the late Paleozoic volcanic rocks of the Dashizhai Formation, which are exposed along the northwestern margin of the Songnen terrane in eastern Inner Mongolia. Our aim is to constrain the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the volcanic rocks and to unravel the late Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the northwestern part of the Songnen terrane, along the eastern segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Lithologically, the Dashizhai Formation is composed mainly of rhyolitic tuff, rhyolite, dacite, andesite, basaltic andesite and basalt, with minor basaltic trachyandesite. The zircons separated from these rocks are euhedral–subhedral, have high Th/U ratios (0.2–1.6), and display broad oscillatory growth zoning, indicating a magmatic origin. The results of zircon U–Pb dating indicate the volcanic rocks formed during the early Permian (295–283 Ma). Geochemically, these volcanic rocks belong to the mid-K to high-K calc-alkaline series and are characterized by an enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and a depletion in high field strength elements (HFSEs, such as Nb, Ta, and Ti), similar to igneous rocks that form in active continental margin settings. Most magmatic zircons of the rhyolites show positive ε_Hf(t) values (+ 3.65 to + 13.0) and two-stage model ages (T_DM2) of 1396–551 Ma. These geochemical characteristics indicate that the acidic volcanic rocks of the Dashizhai Formation were most likely derived from the partial melting of dominantly juvenile crustal components with a possible addition of “old” materials. In contrast, the basic to intermediate volcanic rocks were derived from the partial melting of a depleted lithospheric mantle that had been metasomatized by fluids derived from a subducted slab. These data, together with regional geological investigations, suggest that the generation of the early Permian volcanic rocks of the Dashizhai Formation was related to the southward subduction of the Paleo–Asian oceanic plate beneath the Songnen terrane. This also implies that the terminal collision between the Songnen and Xing'an terranes did not occur before the early Permian.  相似文献   

Detrital rutile U-Pb perspective on the origin of the great Cambro-Ordovician sandstone of North Gondwana and its linkage to orogeny     

《Gondwana Research》2017

LA-ICPMS U-Pb geochronology of detrital rutile from North Gondwana Cambro-Ordovician sandstones is reported for the first time. Our sampling sites in Israel, Jordan and Ethiopia are situated thousands of kilometers apart thus providing a continental-scale perspective on the cooling and unroofing history of the provenance of the great Cambro-Ordovician sandstone sheet.Detrital rutiles in the Cambrian sandstone of Israel and Jordan define a unimodal age concentration at 0.59–0.58 Ga, preceding the timing of major orogenic sutures and predating the final assembly of Gondwana. Cooling to below the rutile U-Pb closure temperature followed continental-scale Pan-African granitoid intrusion at 0.63–0.60 Ga, signifying that rather than representing high-grade metamorphism the detrital rutile age spectra reflect widespread resetting, cooling and exhumation associated with late to post-tectonic igneous activity. The unimodal 0.59–0.58 Ga age spectra do not change significantly up the Cambrian sequence, implying exhumation prior to Cambrian sedimentation generated ample crustal material with an almost uniform U-Pb rutile signature that was prone to deliver immense amounts of detritus. Therefore, rather than reflecting progressive erosion of Cambrian Supermountains, the North Gondwana Cambrian sandstone represents secondary denudation of an already-exhumed metamorphic basement.Alongside the older (0.59–0.58 Ga) detrital rutile population, which dominates the Cambrian sequence, 0.55 Ga detrital rutiles first appear in the Ordovician of Jordan while 0.54 Ga rutile locally dominates the Ordovician from Ethiopia, some 2000 km upstream the Cambro-Ordovician fluvial system, close to its headwaters. The Ordovician drainage basin has thus been extended to include crustal vestiges that were exhumed coeval with Gondwana consolidation, but it is likely that most of the rock carapace that has been eroded from consolidating Cambrian orogenic sutures has been delivered to the south (modern coordinates).  相似文献   

中国北方中新生代盆地深部砂岩铀矿成矿条件与找矿方向   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

苗培森  李建国  汤超  金若时  程银行  赵龙  肖鹏  魏佳林 《地质通报》2017,36(10):1830-1840

受开采技术、成本和成矿理论制约,现有的砂岩型铀矿勘查主要选择在盆地边缘700m以浅的地区,对盆地深部的铀矿找矿潜力研究较少。总结中国北方重要中新生代盆地的含铀岩系、构造特征,结合近年开展的北方砂岩型铀矿深部找矿,分析了盆地深部成矿有利的沉积建造、构造与流体改造、还原条件等,指明了盆地的深部找矿潜力。同时指出,作为战略储备,当前盆地深部寻找砂岩型铀矿要优先重视2个方向:(1)在盆地边缘斜坡区,重点以发育红-黑岩系结构的含铀地层为目标,寻找与浅部成矿条件相似的深部矿床;(2)在盆地中心区,以含铀的红色岩系为重点,优先寻找延伸至盆地深部的正向构造区和砂体发育区。这些认识在松辽盆地的铀矿调查中得到验证。  相似文献