An Aerosol Model of the Marine and Coastal Atmospheric Surface Layer     

G. A. Kaloshin  I. A. Grishin 《大气与海洋》2013,51(2):112-120

We present a microphysical model for the surface layer marine and coastal atmospheric aerosols that is based on long-term observations of size distributions for 0.01–100 µm particles. The fundamental feature of the model is a parameterization of amplitudes and widths for aerosol modes of the aerosol size distribution function (ASDF) as functions of fetch and wind speed. The shape of ASDF and its dependence on meteorological parameters, height above sea level (H), fetch (X), wind speed (U) and relative humidity (RH), are investigated. At present, the model covers the ranges H = 0–25 m, U?=?3–18 km s^?1, X?≤?120 km and RH?=?40–98%.

The latest version of the Marine Aerosol Extinction Profiles model (MaexPro) is described and applied to the computation and analysis of the spectral profiles of aerosol extinction coefficients α(λ) in the wavelength band λ?=?0.2–12 µm. MaexPro is based on the aforementioned aerosol model assuming spherically shaped aerosol particles and the well-known Mie theory.

The spectral profiles of α(λ) calculated by MaexPro are in good agreement with observational data and the numerical results obtained from the Navy Aerosol Model (NAM) and the Advanced Navy Aerosol Model (ANAM). Moreover, MaexPro was found to be an accurate and reliable tool for investigating the optical properties of atmospheric aerosols.  相似文献   

恒河流域和蒙古国南部AERONET站沙尘气溶胶光学物理特性对比分析     

徐超  马耀明 《高原气象》2013,32(4)

沙尘气溶胶作为气溶胶的重要类型之一,对全球和区域水分循环以及亚洲季风系统有着重要影响.利用气溶胶自动观测网(AERONET)印度Kanpur和蒙古国Dalanzadgad两个站点数据,采用阈值法提取了沙尘和人为气溶胶信息并进行了对比分析.结果表明,Kanpur站受印度夏季风影响较大,沙尘气溶胶和人为源气溶胶的排放具有叠加效应,远源输送可能是Kanpur站沙尘气溶胶的主要来源.Dalanzadgad站受东亚夏季风影响较小,春季大风带来了大量的沙尘,这可能与大风天气和植被覆盖度低等因素有关,是春季气溶胶光学厚度显著升高的主要影响因素之一,沙尘具有局地起源特征;在其他时段,人为源气溶胶是当地大气气溶胶的主要来源,但总排放量相对较低.此外,Kanpur站所在的恒河流域大气颗粒物绝对含量远远高于Dalanzadgad所在的蒙古国南部地区.在沙尘天气中,两站颗粒物的光学物理特性相似.  相似文献   

中国大气气溶胶辐射特性参数的观测与研究进展   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

范学花  陈洪滨  夏祥鳌 《大气科学》2013,37(2):477-498

长期系统的气溶胶辐射特性观测资料是定量研究气溶胶辐射和气候效应的重要基础.本文综合介绍中国大气气溶胶辐射特性观测与研究现状和成果,重点包括以下内容:地面太阳光度计联网观测气溶胶光学厚度、单次散射反照率、尺度谱;从全波段太阳辐射反演气溶胶光学厚度、单次散射反照率;浊度计和黑碳仪测量地面气溶胶散射系数和吸收系数;地基/星载激光雷达观测气溶胶(后向散射系数)垂直分布;极轨/静止卫星遥感反演气溶胶光学特性.  相似文献   

An investigation of sand–dust storm events and land surface characteristics in China using NOAA NDVI data     

Xingkui Xu  Jason K. Levy  Lin Zhaohui  Chen Hong 《Global and Planetary Change》2006,52(1-4):182

Observations from 560 weather stations in China show that sand–dust storms occur most frequently in April in north China. The region consists of Sub-dry Mid Temperate, Dry Mid Temperate, Sub-dry South Temperate and Dry South Temperate Zones and much of the land surface is desert or semi-desert: it is relatively dry with minimal rainfall and a high annual mean temperature. In most regions of China, the annual mean frequency of sand–dust events decreased sharply between 1980 and 1997 and then increased from 1997 to 2000. Statistical analyses demonstrate that the frequency of sand–dust storms correlates highly with wind speed, which in turn is strongly related to land surface features; on the other hand, a significant correlation between storm events and other atmospheric quantities such as precipitation and temperature was not observed. Accordingly, land surface cover characteristics (vegetation, snowfall and soil texture) may play a significant role in determining the occurrence of sand–dust storms in China. Analysis of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index derived from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Empirical Orthogonal Function show that since 1995 surface vegetation cover in large areas of Northern China has significantly deteriorated. Moreover, a high correlation is shown to exist among the annual occurrence of sand–dust storms, surface vegetation cover and snowfall. This suggests that the deterioration of surface vegetation cover may strongly influence the occurrence of sand–dust storms in China. Soils with coarse and medium textures are found to be more associated with sand–dust storms than other soils.  相似文献   

建设项目大气环境影响评价的Fuzzy综合评判方法     

邓新民 《成都信息工程学院学报》1987,(2)

本文将Fuzzy综合评判方法应用于建设项目的大气环境影响评价,并通过与其它评价方法的比较,说明Fuzzy综合评判方法在建设项目大气环境影响评价中的可行性和客观性。  相似文献   

Measuring Urban Sustainability: the potential and pitfalls of city rankings     

Phil McManus 《The Australian geographer》2012,43(4):411-424

Measuring the sustainability of a city, and ranking the city against other cities, is increasingly seen as a way to achieve urban sustainability. A number of studies have highlighted how Sydney is unsustainable, with two recent ranking exercises appearing to confirm these findings by placing Sydney below many other Australian cities for urban sustainability. These two exercises are situated within international moves towards ranking cities. The article explores the assumptions and criteria used by Mercer in its Eco-City Index and the Australian Conservation Foundation in its Sustainable Cities Index. The conclusion discusses how Sydney could become more sustainable, and identifies why normative urban sustainability rankings should be recognised for their potential while simultaneously being treated with caution.  相似文献   

云南省温度和气溶胶对微雨影响的初步分析     

胡安德 《云南地理环境研究》2012,24(4):82-86

近40年云南省平均总微雨量占年总雨量比例﹑年平均总微雨日占年总雨日比例均呈下降趋势,并有从北向南逐渐减少的分布规律;近40年云南省年平均能见度也呈下降趋势,其趋势分布同微雨降水趋势分布比较一致;微雨降水的变化同干燥晴天能见度存在正的相关关系,其中云南省东部地区相关显著;而温度与微雨降水存在负相关;云南省气溶胶在一定程度上抑制微雨降水,云南东部气溶胶对微雨的影响比较显著。  相似文献   

A geographic perspective on intra-urban racial/ethnic diversity, segregation, and clustering in Knoxville, Tennessee: 1990-2000     

Madhuri Sharma 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2012,32(2):310-323

Racial/ethnic diversity in the United States has increased significantly in recent decades, with minority groups now accounting for almost one-third of the total population. At the same time, growing diversity has spread into rural and non-metropolitan areas. Research suggests that changing diversity in the ‘New South’ has seen growth of non-Black communities. The question, however, is the degree to which increasing diversity equates with increasing intermixing or, alternatively, whether racial/ethnic clusters retain their prominence. This paper examines the geographic manifestations of growing racial/ethnic diversity within intra-urban context, using census-tracts as scale of analysis in the metropolitan statistical area (MSA) of Knoxville in Tennessee. The statistics used for analyzing intra-urban variations include Diversity Score, Theil Entropy Index, and Location Quotient. Tract and Block-group data for White, Black, American Indian, Asian, All Others and Hispanic are used for computing these indices. This paper concludes that diversity has increased during 1990-2000, and has dispersed into suburban counties. However, segregation and clustering for certain minority groups has also increased, in particular African-Americans still remain the most segregated and most clustered community confined to specific geographic locations. This research holds significance as local economic development patterns are very much guided by the geographic variability of human and social capital. Applied research can suggest avenues for growth and can help rebuild local communities. This paper will also contribute to literature focusing on methodological challenges in measuring diversity and its geographic manifestations.  相似文献   

Knowledge gathering and communication on biodiversity: Developing the Norwegian Nature Index     

《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(5):300-308

The authors reflect on knowledge-generating and communication processes involved in the recently developed Norwegian Nature Index, particularly the communication process among experts involved in providing the required biodiversity knowledge. Eliciting a comprehensive overview of biodiversity is a complex process involving choices of approaches and methods in order to reach a common understanding of uncertainties and values as a basis for quantification. Part of the complexity is the establishment of dialogue between experts from research institutions with different research traditions and approaches. The authors discuss how the index was developed through communication processes, challenging involved experts to provide not only biodiversity data for the current situation, but also forecasts of future trends, assessments of uncertainty, and evaluations of the urgency of biodiversity loss and possibility of implementing policy and management measures. The Nature Index framework has potential for informing the biodiversity policy debate by involving stakeholders beyond the science-policy community and enhancing deliberations about biodiversity policy in a wider context of sustainable development. As a policy tool, the Nature Index may develop through a process of practical application, which in turn may have an impact on the selection of narratives, definition of management targets, and technical concepts such as reference states.  相似文献   

华北地区典型污染天大气气溶胶飞机探测个例分析   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

张瑜  银燕  石立新  段英  吴志会 《高原气象》2012,31(5):1432-1438

利用2005年10月17日华北地区一次典型污染天气条件下的飞机探测资料,对石家庄和邯郸气溶胶的微物理特征进行了对比分析,初步讨论了该天气条件下大气气溶胶污染的微观特征和可能原因。结果表明,观测当天石家庄和邯郸地区的气溶胶粒子浓度很高,边界层内气溶胶平均数浓度为103cm-3量级,最高值出现在近地面附近,达到104cm-3量级;边界层以上的数浓度基本都在103cm-3量级,属于空气污染比较严重的一次过程。造成污染的原因是该日晴天风小,大气湍流较弱,不利于污染物扩散和稀释。基于美国国家海洋和大气局(NOAA)后向轨迹模式(HYSPLIT4)对颗粒物进行溯源和追踪分析,发现造成气溶胶浓度较高的气块传输路径主要为西北和偏西路径,境外源主要来自蒙古国,境内源主要来自我国西部,途经甘肃、宁夏、陕西及山西后进入河北。  相似文献