Measurement of lower-stratospheric aerosol by a balloon-borne photometer     

Y. Kondo  M. Takagi 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1980,118(2):858-866

Height distribution of the stratospheric aerosol extinction coefficient was measured in the altitude range 10 to 20 km by a balloon-borne multi-color sunphotometer in May 1978. It is demonstrated that detailed structures of the distribution of stratospheric aerosol can be remotely measured by the solar occultation method as well as by lidar andin situ particle counter observations. In the aerosol layer appearing at 18 km altitude the extinction coefficient at 800–1000 nm wavelength reached to 3×10^–7 m^–1, which was reasonable compared with lidar observations. Wavelength dependence of the aerosol optical depth was crudely estimated to be proportional to ^–1.5.  相似文献   

The stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer: Processes,models, observations,and simulations     

R. C. Whitten  O. B. Toon  R. P. Rurco 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1980,118(1):86-127

After briefly reviewing the observational data on the stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer, the chemical and physical processes that are likely to fix the properties of the layer are discussed. We present appropriate continuity equations for aerosol particles, and show how to solve the equations on a digital computer. Simulations of the unperturbed aerosol layer by various published models are discussed and the sensitivity of layer characteristics to variations in several aerosol model parameters is studied. We discuss model applications to anthropogenic pollution problems and demonstrate that moderate levels of aerospace activity (supersonic transport and space shuttle operations) will probably have only a negligible effect on global climate. Finally, we evaluate the possible climatic effect of a ten-fold increase in the atmospheric abundance of carbonyl sulfide.  相似文献   

A method for spaceborne synthetic remote sensing of atmospheric aerosol optical depth and vegetation reflectance     

Qiu Jinhuan 《大气科学进展》1998,15(1):17-30

ＡＭｅｔｈｏｄｆｏｒＳｐａｃｅｂｏｒｎｅＳｙｎｔｈｅｔｉｃＲｅｍｏｔｅＳｅｎｓｉｎｇｏｆＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃＡｅｒｏｓｏｌＯｐｔｉｃａｌＤｅｐｔｈａｎｄＶｅｇｅｔａｔｉｏｎＲｅｆｌｅｃｔａｎｃｅ①ＱｉｕＪｉｎｈｕａｎ（邱金桓）Ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆ...  相似文献   

沈阳大气气溶胶光学特性及其影响因子   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

赵胡笳  马雁军  王扬锋  朱轶明 《气象与环境学报》2015,(3):43-49

利用2010年3—10月沈阳大气成分监测站CE－318太阳光度计观测资料,计算沈阳大气气溶胶光学厚度和波长指数等大气光学特性参数,结合地面气象观测资料,分析大气气溶胶光学特性及其影响因子。结果表明：沈阳气溶胶光学厚度在3—6月较高,8月较低,9—10月气溶胶光学厚度略有增加;除4月和8月外,气溶胶光学厚度与风速基本呈反相关;气溶胶光学厚度与可吸入颗粒物（particulate matter,PM）质量浓度变化趋势基本一致;气溶胶光学厚度日平均值距平的绝对值、改变率均与降水强度成正比;地面能见度与气溶胶光学厚度呈负相关。由气溶胶浑浊度系数计算的能见度在4—6月与实际观测的能见度基本吻合,由气溶胶标高计算的水平能见度整体小于实际观测的水平能见度。  相似文献   

气溶胶对雷暴云起电以及闪电发生率影响的数值模拟   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

师正  谭涌波  唐慧强  杨忆  彭琳  郭秀峰  陈浩然 《大气科学》2015,39(5):941-952

本文利用二维耦合气溶胶模块的雷暴云起电模式,结合一次南京雷暴个例,进行250 m分辨率雷暴云起电模拟实验,探讨了气溶胶浓度对雷暴云空间电荷分布以及闪电发生率的影响。在这个气溶胶模块中,假定一个三模态的气溶胶对数分布,考虑了气溶胶活化过程。结果显示:(1)随着气溶胶浓度增大,雷暴云电荷结构保持为三极型。(2)当气溶胶浓度从50 cm-3增加至1000 cm-3时,水成物粒子浓度上升,雷暴云电荷量和闪电发生率增加明显。(3)气溶胶浓度在1000~3000 cm-3范围时,云水竞争限制了冰晶的增长,导致雷暴云上部主正电荷堆电荷量降低。云滴和霰粒子浓度缓慢上升促进中部主负电荷堆和底部次正电荷堆电荷量继续增大。闪电发生率保持稳定。(4)当气溶胶浓度大于3000 cm-3时,水成物粒子浓度稳定,云内的电荷量以及闪电发生率保持为一定量级。  相似文献   

210Pb and 7Be as Tracers for Aerosol Transfers at Center Guizhou，China：Ⅰ．The Explanation by Weekly Interval     

Wan Guojiang  Zheng Xiangdong  Lee H N  Bai Z G  Wan Enyuan  Wang Shilu  Yang Wei 《地球科学进展》2010,25(5):492-504

It′s essential to measure air concentrations and depositional fluxes of environmental radionuclides in different regions for modeling global contamination transfer and validation, tracing deposition process and dating, referencing watershed erosion trace and assessing natural radiation of ecosystem. This study introduces the research background and methods and explains weekly variations of ²¹⁰Pb and ⁷Be concentrations in surface air and precipitation at Mt. Guanfeng/Guiyang since 2001. The results indicate that ²¹⁰Pb and ⁷Be concentrations in surface air fluctuate periodically at 2~6 week interval because of the meteorological condition changes. The annual trend in ²¹⁰Pb air concentration is overall influenced by air temperature variation and periodical rainfall. ⁷Be air concentration varies up and down regualarly. The synchronization of low concentrations for both ²¹⁰Pb and ⁷Be in surface air and high ratio (²¹⁰Pb/⁷Be ≥ 0.8) indicate oceanic poor ²¹⁰Pb-⁷Be air mass invasion. The synchronization of high concentrations of ²¹⁰Pb and ⁷Be in surface air and low ratio (²¹⁰Pb/⁷Be ≤ 0.7) implies rich ⁷Be air mass invasion from altostratus atmosphere. Weekly concentrations of ²¹⁰Pb and ⁷Be in precipitation and the K_d coefficients are high in late Autumn to Spring, and low in late Spring to Autumn. Although ²¹⁰Pb and ⁷Be concentrations vary seasonally, their weekly concentrations in precipitation increase with that of air concentration. The ²¹⁰Pb and ⁷Be weekly concentrations for seasonal division is about 0.2 Bq/L and 1 Bq/L, respectively. However, the K_d coefficient decreases when ²¹⁰Pb and ⁷Be air concentrations increase. Deposition of ²¹⁰Pb and ⁷Be with precipitation mainly take place in Spring and Summer; The weekly fallout of ²¹⁰Pb and ⁷Be increases with increasing precipitation; the increase of ⁷Be is triple of that of ²¹⁰Pb and 2.5 when precipitation nears to zero. The weekly-high fallout of ²¹⁰Pb and ⁷Be with precipitation corresponds with the dramatic decrease of their air concentrations within or vicinal weeks. The ratio of ²¹⁰Pb to ⁷Be in rainfall is overall ≤ 0.5 and varies synchronously with the ratio in surface air, indicating that the two radionuclides are cleaned by precipitation from air at close speed. In the extreme freezing disaster in 2008, both ²¹⁰Pb and ⁷Be air concentrations were low and coupling with coexist of low concentration of aerosol and high nuclides activities. Weekly concentration of ⁷Be in surface air at Mt. Guanfeng demonstrates the anticipated concentration level in the low-latitude and high-elevation region; the short-term fluctuations of ⁷Be concentration indicated the hysteresis was influcenced by the strong air current submersion and the low-elevation air mass rising differently at Mt. Guanfeng and Mt. Waliguan.   相似文献   

An improved dark object method to retrieve 500 m-resolution AOT (Aerosol Optical Thickness) image from MODIS data: A case study in the Pearl River Delta area,China     

《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2014

This paper presents an improved Dark Dense Vegetation (DDV) method for retrieving 500 m-resolution aerosol optical depth (AOT) based on MOD04-C005 arithmetic with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The improvements include change of the movement pattern of retrieval window, selection of a more suitable aerosol type, and storage of the look-up table. The method is then applied to obtain the AOT over the Pearl River Delta region (PRD). By comparing the results with the co-temporal ground sunphotometer observations in 2010, the correlation coefficient is found to be 0.794 with RMSE 0.139 and their variations remain consistent. Contrasts between model values in 2008 and MODIS AOT products in the same date also reveal a high accuracy of the improved DDV method. We also performed sensitivity tests to analyze the impacts of several parameters on apparent reflectance at different bands, and the results show that apparent reflectance is much more sensitive to surface reflectance and AOT than to elevation.  相似文献   

Evaluation and comparison of CMIP6 models and MERRA-2 reanalysis AOD against Satellite observations from 2000 to 2014 over China     

《地学前缘(英文版)》2022,13(2):101325

Rapid industrialization and urbanization along with a growing population are contributing significantly to air pollution in China. Evaluation of long-term aerosol optical depth (AOD) data from models and reanalysis, can greatly promote understanding of spatiotemporal variations in air pollution in China. To do this, AOD (550 nm) values from 2000 to 2014 were obtained from the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CIMP6), the second version of Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research, and Applications (MERRA-2), and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS; flying on the Terra satellite) combined Dark Target and Deep Blue (DTB) aerosol product. We used the Terra-MODIS DTB AOD (hereafter MODIS DTB AOD) as a standard to evaluate CMIP6 Ensemble AOD (hereafter CMIP6 AOD) and MERRA-2 reanalysis AOD (hereafter MERRA-2 AOD). Results show better correlations and smaller errors between MERRA-2 and MODIS DTB AOD, than between CMIP6 and MODIS DTB AOD, in most regions of China, at both annual and seasonal scales. However, significant under- and over-estimations in the MERRA-2 and CMIP6 AOD were also observed relative to MODIS DTB AOD. The long-term (2000–2014) MODIS DTB AOD distributions show the highest AOD over the North China Plain (0.71) followed by Central China (0.69), Yangtse River Delta (0.67), Sichuan Basin (0.64), and Pearl River Delta (0.54) regions. The lowest AOD values were recorded over the Tibetan Plateau (0.13 ± 0.01) followed by Qinghai (0.19 ± 0.03) and the Gobi Desert (0.21 ± 0.03). Large amounts of sand and dust particles emitted from natural sources (the Taklamakan and Gobi Deserts) may result in higher AOD in spring compared to summer, autumn, and winter. Trends were also calculated for 2000–2005, for 2006–2010 (when China introduced strict air pollution control policies during the 11th Five Year Plan or FYP), and for 2011–2014 (during the 12th FYP). An increasing trend in MODIS DTB AOD was observed throughout the country during 2000–2014. The uncontrolled industrialization, urbanization, and rapid economic development that mostly occurred from 2000 to 2005 probably contributed to the overall increase in AOD. Finally, China's air pollution control policies helped to reduce AOD in most regions of the country; this was more evident during the 12th FYP period (2011–2014) than during the 11th FYP period (2006–2010). Therefore this study strongly advises the authority to retain or extend these policies in the future for improving air quality.  相似文献   

An Aerosol Model of the Marine and Coastal Atmospheric Surface Layer     

G. A. Kaloshin  I. A. Grishin 《大气与海洋》2013,51(2):112-120

We present a microphysical model for the surface layer marine and coastal atmospheric aerosols that is based on long-term observations of size distributions for 0.01–100 µm particles. The fundamental feature of the model is a parameterization of amplitudes and widths for aerosol modes of the aerosol size distribution function (ASDF) as functions of fetch and wind speed. The shape of ASDF and its dependence on meteorological parameters, height above sea level (H), fetch (X), wind speed (U) and relative humidity (RH), are investigated. At present, the model covers the ranges H = 0–25 m, U?=?3–18 km s^?1, X?≤?120 km and RH?=?40–98%.

The latest version of the Marine Aerosol Extinction Profiles model (MaexPro) is described and applied to the computation and analysis of the spectral profiles of aerosol extinction coefficients α(λ) in the wavelength band λ?=?0.2–12 µm. MaexPro is based on the aforementioned aerosol model assuming spherically shaped aerosol particles and the well-known Mie theory.

The spectral profiles of α(λ) calculated by MaexPro are in good agreement with observational data and the numerical results obtained from the Navy Aerosol Model (NAM) and the Advanced Navy Aerosol Model (ANAM). Moreover, MaexPro was found to be an accurate and reliable tool for investigating the optical properties of atmospheric aerosols.  相似文献   

恒河流域和蒙古国南部AERONET站沙尘气溶胶光学物理特性对比分析     

徐超  马耀明 《高原气象》2013,32(4)

沙尘气溶胶作为气溶胶的重要类型之一,对全球和区域水分循环以及亚洲季风系统有着重要影响.利用气溶胶自动观测网(AERONET)印度Kanpur和蒙古国Dalanzadgad两个站点数据,采用阈值法提取了沙尘和人为气溶胶信息并进行了对比分析.结果表明,Kanpur站受印度夏季风影响较大,沙尘气溶胶和人为源气溶胶的排放具有叠加效应,远源输送可能是Kanpur站沙尘气溶胶的主要来源.Dalanzadgad站受东亚夏季风影响较小,春季大风带来了大量的沙尘,这可能与大风天气和植被覆盖度低等因素有关,是春季气溶胶光学厚度显著升高的主要影响因素之一,沙尘具有局地起源特征;在其他时段,人为源气溶胶是当地大气气溶胶的主要来源,但总排放量相对较低.此外,Kanpur站所在的恒河流域大气颗粒物绝对含量远远高于Dalanzadgad所在的蒙古国南部地区.在沙尘天气中,两站颗粒物的光学物理特性相似.  相似文献