Saturated areas through the lens: 2. Spatio-temporal variability of streamflow generation and its relationship with surface saturation     

Marta Antonelli  Barbara Glaser  Adriaan J. Teuling  Julian Klaus  Laurent Pfister 《水文研究》2020,34(6):1333-1349

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Topographic controls on plateau icefield recession: insights from the Younger Dryas Monadhliath Icefield,Scotland     

Clare M. Boston  Sven Lukas 《第四纪科学杂志》2019,34(6):433-451

Plateau icefields are a common form of mountain ice mass, frequently found in mid‐latitude to high‐arctic regions and increasingly recognized in the Quaternary record. Their top‐heavy hypsometry makes them highly sensitive to changes in climate when the equilibriaum line altitude (ELA) lies above the plateau edge, allowing ice to expand significantly as regional ELAs decrease, and causing rapid recession as climate warms. With respect to future climate warming, it is important to understand the controls on plateau icefield response to climate change in order to better predict recession rates, with implications for water resources and sea‐level rise. Improving knowledge of the controls on glacier recession may also enable further palaeoclimatic information to be extracted from the Quaternary glacial record. We use the distribution of moraines to examine topographic controls on Younger Dryas icefield recession in Scotland. We find that overall valley morphology influences the style of recession, through microclimatic and geometric controls, with bed gradient affecting moraine spacing. Ice mass reconfiguration may occur as recession progresses because ice divide migration could alter the expected response based on hypsometric distribution. These results add to a growing body of research examining controls on glacier recession and offer a step towards unravelling non‐linear ice mass behaviour. Copyright © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The partial equilibration of garnet porphyroblasts in pelitic schists and its control on prograde metamorphism,Glen Roy,Scotland     

Tim J. Dempster  Mairi I. Gilmour  Peter Chung 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2019,37(3):383-399

Garnet porphyroblasts in sillimanite‐bearing pelitic schists contain complex textural and compositional zoning, with considerable variation both within and between adjacent samples. The sillimanite‐bearing schists locally occur in regional Barrovian garnet zone assemblages and are indicative of a persistent lack of equilibrium during prograde metamorphism. Garnet in these Dalradian rocks from the Scottish Highlands preserves evidence of a range of metamorphic responses including initial growth and patchy coupled dissolution–reprecipitation followed by partial dissolution. Individual porphyroblasts each have a unique and variable response to prograde metamorphism and garnet with mainly flat compositional profiles co‐exists with those containing largely unmodified characteristic bell‐shaped Mn profiles. This highlights the need for caution in applying traditional interpretations of effective volume diffusion eliminating compositional variation. Cloudy garnet with abundant fluid inclusions is produced during incomplete modification of the initial porphyroblasts and these porous garnet are then particularly prone to partial replacement in sillimanite‐producing reactions. The modification of garnet via a dissolution–reprecipitation process releases Ca into the effective whole‐rock composition, displacing the pressure–temperature positions of subsequent isograd reactions. This represents the first report of internal metasomatism controlling reaction pathways. The behaviour of garnet highlights the importance of kinetic factors, especially deformation and fluids, in controlling reaction progress and how the resulting variability influences subsequent prograde history. The lack of a consistent metamorphic response, within and between adjacent schists, suggests that on both local and regional scales these rocks have largely not equilibrated at peak metamorphic conditions.  相似文献   

Hydrological dynamics of prairie pothole wetlands: Dominant processes and landscape controls under contrasted conditions          下载免费PDF全文

Aminul Haque  Genevieve Ali  Pascal Badiou 《水文研究》2018,32(15):2405-2422

Numerous studies have examined the impact of prairie pothole wetlands on overall watershed dynamics. However, very few have looked at individual wetland dynamics across a continuum of alteration status using subdaily hydrometric data. Here, the importance of surface and subsurface water storage dynamics in the prairie pothole region was documented by (1) characterizing surface fill–spill dynamics in intact and consolidated wetlands; (2) quantifying water‐table fluctuations and the occurrence of overland flow downslope of fully drained wetlands; (3) assessing the relation (or lack thereof) between intact, consolidated or drained wetland hydrological behaviour, and stream dynamics; and (4) relating wetland hydrological behaviour to landscape characteristics. Focus was on southwestern Manitoba, Canada, where ten intact, three consolidated, seven fully drained wetlands, and a nearby creek were monitored over two years with differing antecedent storage conditions. Hourly hydrological time series were used to compute behavioural metrics reflective of year‐specific and season‐specific wetland dynamics. Behavioural metrics were then correlated to wetland physical characteristics to identify landscape controls on wetland hydrology. Predictably, more frequent spillage or overland flow was observed when antecedent storage was high. Consolidated wetlands had a high degree of water permanence and a greater frequency of fill–spill events than intact wetlands. Shallow and highly responsive water tables were present downslope of fully drained wetlands. Potential wetland–stream connectivity was also inferred via time‐series analysis, while some landscape characteristics (e.g., wetland surface, catchment area, and storage volume) strongly correlated with wetland behavioural metrics. The nonstationarity of dominant processes was, however, evident through the lack of consistent correlations across seasons. This, therefore, highlights the importance of combining multiyear high‐frequency hydrometric data and detailed landscape analyses in wetland hydrology studies.  相似文献   

Is groundwater response timing in a pre‐alpine catchment controlled more by topography or by rainfall?          下载免费PDF全文

Ilja van Meerveld  Manfred Stähli  Jan Seibert 《水文研究》2016,30(7):1036-1051

Groundwater levels in steep headwater catchments typically respond quickly to rainfall, but the timing of the response may vary spatially across the catchment. In this study, we investigated the topographic controls and the effects of rainfall and antecedent conditions on the groundwater response timing for 51 groundwater monitoring sites in a 20‐ha pre‐alpine catchment with low permeability soils. The median time to rise and median duration of recession for the 133 rainfall events were highly correlated to the topographic characteristics of the site and its upslope contributing area. The median time to rise depended more on the topographic characteristics than on the rainfall characteristics or antecedent soil wetness conditions. The median time to rise decreased with Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) for sites with TWI < 6 and was almost constant for sites with a higher TWI. The slope of this relation was a function of rainfall intensity. The rainfall threshold for groundwater initiation was also a function of TWI and allowed extrapolation of point measurements to the catchment scale. The median lag time between the rainfall centroid and the groundwater peak was 75 min. The groundwater level peaked before peak streamflow at the catchment outlet for half of the groundwater monitoring sites, but only by 15 to 25 min. The stronger correlations between topographic indices and groundwater response timing in this study compared to previous studies suggest that surface topography affects the groundwater response timing in catchments with low permeability soils more than in catchments with more transmissive soils. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Spatial transformations in a “loosening state”: South Africa in a comparative perspective     

《Geoforum》2015

This study explores the spatial transformation of urban South Africa since the ending of Apartheid rule two decades ago. It places this experience within the context of countries which have also gone through a “loosening” of political control and of related controls over spatial arrangements. The paper provides a discussion of South Africa’s spatial trends between 1996 and 2011, focusing on urbanisation; urban form; and socio-spatial segregation, and exploring the extent to which changes identified are shaped by the state, private sector investment, and the everyday actions of households and individuals. It shows that South Africa’s urban spatial transformation, post-Apartheid, is both idiosyncratic and comparable. The consequences of spatial controls, and of their loosening, have been diverse across countries, but also within countries. Loosening has led to differing relationships between state, citizenry and private enterprise, and to complex new crossing points between these groupings, affecting spatial change. In South Africa, significant trends have been: movement to the major cities where employment growth is stronger; levels of racial desegregation; and densification of parts of cities and towns, along with peripheral growth and employment decentralisation. Many of the changes however are differentiated across space and between settlements. While proactive state policies have had some impact (not necessarily in the direction of desired spatial transformation), and there are complex interrelationships, our empirical studies suggest that the major weight of evidence is towards the roles of private enterprise and people in shaping spatial change, enabled in part by forms of state loosening.  相似文献   

青海沱沱河多才玛特大型Pb-Zn矿床——定位预测方法与找矿突破过程   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

宋玉财  侯增谦  杨天南  李世金  王富春  高永旺  巩秀钢  杨竹森  张洪瑞  李连松  王贵仁  汪元奎  刘群  郝宏达 《矿床地质》2013,32(4):744-756

青海南部沱沱河地区的多才玛矿床是最近找矿突破发现的一个特大型铅锌矿床.由于赋矿规律不清,找矿方向不明,勘查曾一度陷入困境.针对制约找矿突破的关键地质问题,笔者开展了成矿潜力、矿床赋存规律、矿体定位预测研究,经钻探验证,实现了找矿突破.通过区域对比,认为沱沱河地区与“三江”带内兰坪等其他地区的地质背景相似,具有发育大型沉积岩容矿贱金属矿床的潜力;发现区域发育大型逆冲构造和含膏盐红层沉积、具有碳酸盐岩和暗色泥岩组合等,显示有利的成矿地质环境;区域和矿床内发育大规模高强度的铅锌化探异常,具有形成大型铅锌矿床的潜力.通过填图等研究,指出多才玛矿床为密西西比河谷型(MVT)矿床,产于逆冲推覆构造系统前锋带,矿体赋存于逆冲断裂上盘,受那益雄组碎屑岩和九十道班组灰岩岩相过渡部位及可能的逆冲推覆构造系统派生的反冲构造的控制,矿石主体为热液溶蚀角砾岩型.通过音频大地电磁测深测量,揭示了矿床深部物性特征和构造岩相特点,确定了孔莫陇矿段南侧深部铅锌矿化体的空间位置,并制定了钻探验证方案.经后期勘查,在预测区内探获了品位高、厚度大的铅锌矿体,使该矿段铅锌资源量由原来的76.2万吨增至259万吨,找矿取得重大突破.由此,通过综合分析,提出了一套综合地质、化探异常付化显示、地球物理、遥感等手段的多才玛式矿床定位预测方法组合.  相似文献   

Metamorphic and metasomatic convergence of basic igneous rocks and lime‐magnesia sediments of the precambrian of North‐western Queensland∗     

K. R. Walker  Germaine A. Joplin  J. F. Lovering  R. Green 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(2):149-177

With increasing intensity of metamorphism, and particularly metasomatism, it becomes more and more difficult to separate amphibolites in North‐western Queensland into ortho‐ and para‐amphibolites, and a stage is reached at which the two are indistinguishable. Field evidence, carefully sought, has enabled the origin of some apparently identical rocks to be determined, and laboratory methods were applied to these rocks to see if grounds for the separation of amphibolites of unknown origin could be determined. None of the six methods tried — mineralogy (including feldspar twinning), chemical analysis (including TiO2 content), spectrography, rock magnetism — proved to be as successful as the field method in distinguishing the two rock groups; some methods used with apparent success elsewhere, such as feldspar twinning or chemical analyses, are found to be unsuccessful here, which suggests that though the problem is world‐wide, solutions are only of local validity.  相似文献   

中扬子中侏罗统陆相高分辨率层序 地层格架及构造控制     

段凯波 《地质与勘探》2012,48(2):406-414

[摘 要] 中扬子中侏罗统主要散布于中扬子前陆盆地各次级盆地中,应用现代沉积学、高分辨率层序地层学理论,结合露头岩性、古生物、沉积相分析等手段,发现中侏罗统主要为辫状河、辫状河三角洲或扇三角洲以及滨浅湖沉积体系,在不同区域,分别以花家湖组、沙溪庙组和千佛崖组地层命名。不同区域层序特征既有差异,又存在相似性。根据高分辨率层序地层学理论,将花家湖组、沙溪庙组和千佛崖组分别划分为4 个、4个和2个三级层序,局部地区还可细划四级层序,整个中侏罗统大致相当于1个二级层序。此层序地层格架的形成主要是受构造因素控制,即印支期以来中扬子地区发生强烈的构造变形和运动而形成复杂的盆山耦合体系,层序横向展布和纵向叠加于前陆盆地中。  相似文献   

Stuck in transition? Exploring the spaces of employment training for youth with intellectual disability     

Stephanie Butcher 《Geoforum》2008,39(2):1079-1092

This paper is concerned with the experiences of young adults with intellectual disabilities as they transition from high school in search of paid employment. The experiences of people with intellectual disability remain under-researched within geography. We use qualitative techniques to examine the experiences of six young adults with intellectual disabilities. Data are drawn from interviews with the youth themselves, their parents, and employers, as well as from participant observation at an employment training program for the intellectually disabled. While the primary goal of the youth and their parents was to make a transition to competitive paid work, a lack of transition planning, a shortage of appropriate opportunities and other factors meant the youth spent considerable time in ‘transitional spaces’ such as the vocational training centre, sheltered workshop, and supported employment placements. While these spaces are organized around an explicitly economic goal of augmenting the youth’s employability, they can play a critical role as spaces for social interaction and meaningful activity outside the home. Study findings point to the importance of moving beyond paid employment as the core of a successful transition to consider a broader goal of ‘meaningful activity’.  相似文献