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91.
Similarities between strike-slip faults at different scales and a simple age determining method for active faults 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract Several differently scaled strike‐slip faults were examined. The faults shared many geometric features, such as secondary fractures and linkage structures (damage zones). Differences in fault style were not related to specific scale ranges. However, it was recognized that differences in style may occur in different tectonic settings (e.g. dilational/contractional relays or wall/linkage/tip zones), different locations along the master fault or different fault evolution stages. Fractal dimensions were compared for two faults (Gozo and San Andreas), which supports the idea of self‐similarity. Fractal dimensions for traces of faults and fractures of damage zones were higher (D ~1.35) than for the main fault traces (D ~1.005) because of increased complexity due to secondary faults and fractures. Based on the statistical analysis of another fault evolution study, single event movements in earthquake faults typically have a maximum earthquake slip : rupture length ratio of approximately 10?4, although this has only been established for large earthquake faults because of limited data. Most geological faults have a much higher maximum cumulative displacement : fault length ratio; that is, approximately 10?2 to 10?1 (e.g. Gozo, ~10?2; San Andreas, ~10?1). The final cumulative displacement on a fault is produced by accumulation of slip along ruptures. Hence, using the available information from earthquake faults, such as earthquake slip, recurrence interval, maximum cumulative displacement and fault length, the approximate age of active faults can be estimated. The lower limit of estimated active fault age is expressed with maximum cumulative displacement, earthquake slip and recurrence interval as T ? (dmax /u) · I(M). 相似文献
92.
We present new 40Ar/39Ar data for sanidine and biotite derived from volcanic ash layers that are intercalated in Pliocene and late Miocene astronomically dated sequences in the Mediterranean with the aim to solve existing inconsistencies in the intercalibration between the two independent absolute dating methods. 40Ar/39Ar sanidine ages are systematically younger by 0.7-2.3% than the astronomical ages for the same ash layers. The significance of the discrepancy disappears except for the upper Ptolemais ashes, which reveal the largest difference, if an improved full error propagation method is applied to calculate the absolute error in the 40Ar/39Ar ages. The total variance is dominated by that of the activity of the decay of 40K to 40Ar (∼70%) and that the amount of radiogenic 40Arp in the primary standard GA1550 biotite (∼15%). If the 40Ar/39Ar ages are calculated relative to an astronomically dated standard, the influence of these parameters is greatly reduced, resulting in a more reliable age and in a significant reduction of the error in 40Ar/39Ar dating.Astronomically calibrated ages for Taylor Creek Rhyolite (TCR) and Fish Canyon Tuff (FCT) sanidine are 28.53±0.02 and 28.21±0.04 Ma (±1 S.E.), respectively, if we start from the more reliable results of the Cretan A1 ash layer. The most likely explanation for the large discrepancy found for the younger Ptolemais ash layers (equivalent to FCT of 28.61 Ma) is an error in the tuning of this part of the sequence. 相似文献
93.
Although seismic isolation rubber bearings in bridges and buildings have proven to be a very effective passive method for reducing earthquake‐induced forces, a detailed mechanical modeling of the rubber that is used in bearings under large strains has not been established. Therefore, a 3D model of failure behavior and the design criteria for the safety evaluation of seismic isolation bearings have not yet been developed. This paper presents: (1) correlation‐based template‐matching algorithms to measure large strain fields of continua; (2) a failure criterion for rubber; and (3) the design criteria for the safety evaluation of laminated algorithms, data‐validation algorithms were developed and implemented to eliminate possible unrealistic displacement vectors present in the measured displacement field. The algorithms were successfully employed in the strain field measurement of LRB and rubber materials that are subjected to failure. The measured local strains for rubber material at failure were used to develop a failure criterion for rubber. The validity of the proposed criterion was evaluated by applying it to the LRB; the criterion was introduced into a 3D finite element model of LRB, compared with the experimental results of bearings failure, and verified. Finally, design criteria are proposed for LRB for the safety evaluation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
94.
使用1998年南海季风试验期问高质量资料和NCEP/NCAR40年再分析资料分析了南海季风建立前后的大尺度环流特征和要素的突变及爆发过程。发现南亚高压迅速从菲律宾以东移到中南半岛北部,孟加拉湾槽加深加强,赤道印度洋西风加强并向东向北迅速扩展和传播,以及伴随的中低纬相互作用和西太平洋副高连续东撤是南海夏季风建立的大尺度特征。与此同时,亚洲低纬地区的南北温差和纬向风切变也发生相应的突变。数值试验结果表明,印度半岛地形的陆面加热作用在其东侧激发的气旋性环流对于孟加拉湾槽的加强有重要作用,并进而有利于南海夏季风先于印度夏季风爆发。 相似文献
95.
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97.
根据野外水准测量与室内实验分析,本文探讨了西藏纳木错和藏北高原古大湖晚更新世以来的湖泊演化和气候变迁。在纳木错沿岸拔湖48m以下,发育了6级湖岸阶地,拔湖48-139.2m发育有高位湖相沉积。研究表明,纳木错湖泊发育与藏北高原东南部古大湖演化可划分为3个阶段:①116-37ka B.P.间的古大湖期;②37-30ka B.P.间的外流湖期;③30kaB.P.以来的纳木错期。在古大湖阶段,包括纳木错、色林错和扎日南木错、当惹雍错等藏北高原东南部的一大批现代大、中、小型湖泊,都是互相连通的一个古大湖,其范围可能超过了现代的藏北内、外流(怒江)水系的分水岭。它或许还与藏北高原南部和西部的其他古湖相连,成为统一的藏北高原“古大湖”。通过对纳木错湖相沉积形成时代与深海氧同位素对比,易溶盐、pH值、地球化学、介形类和孢粉分析等的综合研究发现,湖相沉积记录了自晚更新世以来的湖泊演化和气候变迁信息。资料显示古大湖期湖面最高,气候温和清爽;外流湖期湖面急剧下降,气温和湿度较现今略高;纳木错期以来气候经历了全新世最宜期的暖湿后日益干旱化,气温波动,湖面持续下降。表明自晚更新世以来该区气候在逐渐变干的总趋势的基础上,经历了多次明显的冷暖与干湿波动。 相似文献
98.
99.
Water and water related matters are important issues in water scarce countries like the Republic of South Africa. This is
especially true for the agricultural sector that relies heavily on the availability of water for irrigation to ensure a secure
food supply. In South Africa, present day irrigation projects rely on government subsidies and are usually large undertakings
beyond the reach of individuals or small communities. The sustainability of such large irrigation projects is still a matter
of debate. A 100 years ago a different set of rules applied. Irrigation could only be achieved by hand-dug furrows that supplied
water in relatively small quantities to small farming communities. This paper investigated such a small community, the Leeukloof
farming community in the Western Cape Province of the Republic of South Africa. For the past 93 years this community has maintained
a furrow that supplies water not only to farms bordering the Perdeberg River, which supplies the furrow with water, but also
to farms not bordering the river. The authors try to reconstruct the changes in agricultural practices brought about by the
furrow, methods of water extraction during each phase, as well as the development and role of the furrow system. The perception
by the community of the necessity of this method of water extraction from the river system is also investigated.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
100.
Weathering: Toward a Fractal Quantifying 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Klaudia Oleschko Jean-Francois Parrot Gerardo Ronquillo Sergey Shoba Georges Stoops Vera Marcelino 《Mathematical Geology》2004,36(5):607-627
Weathering occurs over a wide range of scales. To link features through these scales is a major challenge for interdisciplinary weathering studies. Fractal approach seems to be specially useful for this purpose. We introduce a multistep fractal weathering assessment scheme devoted to extract fractal weathering classifiers from texture analysis of the mineral's image. Our scheme enables to quantitatively estimate the global and local information about the geometry of the weathering pattern. This information is basic to develop geometrical indices of weathering, which can significantly enrich the common qualitative and semiquantitative weathering assessment schemes. To justify the fractal approach, a strong statistical self-similarity has been documented for both the weathering and fresh features of two common silica minerals: quartz and biogenic A-opal (phytolith) over four orders of length scales. The procedure is fast, drastically reduces thresholding bias, promises to be universal, it is valid for genetically different minerals and rock types, scale independent, and specially useful for monitoring the changes in the mineral's roughness during the alteration. Two of the proposed classifiers seem to be potentially useful for direct application in the field and be used by nonspecialist. 相似文献