中国东部夏季季节内降水异常及其伴随的热带和中高纬度大气环流演变特征     

陆晓娟  房佳蓓  杨修群  胡海波 《气象学报》2022,80(1):1-20

利用1981—2020年夏季(5—8月)CPC(Climate Prediction Center)逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料以及NOAA的向外长波辐射资料,通过经验正交函数(EOF)分解、超前滞后合成等方法,分析了中国东部夏季季节内降水异常的主要模态(即南方型和江淮型降水异常)及其伴随的热带和中高...  相似文献   

西南喀斯特地区几种主要土地覆被下土壤CO2-C通量研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

程建中  李心清  周志红  王兵  邢英  彭艳  程红光  闫慧  庞小兵  黄代宽  章炎麟 《地球化学》2010,39(3):258-265

中国西南喀斯特地区土壤营养元素流失形势严峻,揭示不同土地覆被下土壤CO2-C的释放规律,是认识喀斯特这一特殊环境诸多营养元素循环问题的一个重要途径。采用静态箱-气相色谱法对贵州喀斯特地区4种不同土地覆被下的土壤CO2-C释放通量进行观测研究。结果表明,（1）不同的土地覆被下土壤CO2-C释放通量有显著的差别,其释放顺序为：森林（（134．1±78．8）mg／（m^2·h））〉次生林（（70．8±122．3）mg／（m^2·h））〉玉米地（（55．5±78．0）mg／（m^2·h）1〉烧荒地（（35．5±91．4）mg／（m^2·h））。各样点季节变化都比较明显,夏季平均排放量最高,冬季最低。（2）凋落物对森林土壤CO2-C释放的影响较大,有凋落物覆盖的土壤CO2-C释放量（（134．1±78．8）mg／（m^2·h））高于无凋落物覆盖的林地土壤（（111．2±80．3）mg／（m^2·h））,凋落物分解对森林土壤CO2-C释放总量的贡献约占17％。基于地面气温,计算得出森林和森林（无凋落物）的研。分别为1．92、2．10。（3）除次生林和烧荒地外,其余各样地CO2-C释放通量均与土壤各层温度呈显著正相关关系,但绝大多数样地与土壤湿度（WFPS）之间相关性不显著。  相似文献   

Depth profiles of volatile iodine and bromine-containing halocarbons in coastal Antarctic waters   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

L.J. Carpenter  D.J. Wevill  C.J. Palmer  J. Michels 《Marine Chemistry》2007,103(3-4):227-236

Measurements of bromoform (CHBr₃), diiodomethane (CH₂I₂), chloroiodomethane (CH₂ICl) and bromoiodomethane (CH₂IBr) were made in the water column (5–100 m depth) of the Southern Ocean within 0–40 km of the Antarctic sea ice during the ANTXX1/2 transect of the German R/V Polarstern, at five locations between 70–72°S and 9–11°W in the Antarctic spring/summer of 2003–2004. Some of the profiles exhibited a very pronounced layer of surface sea-ice meltwater, as evidenced by salinity minima and temperature maxima, along with surface maxima in concentrations of CHBr₃, CH₂I₂, CH₂ICl and CH₂IBr. These results are consistent with in situ surface halocarbon production by ice algae liberated from the sea ice, although production within the sea ice followed by transport cannot be entirely ruled out. Additional sub-surface maxima in halocarbons occurred between 20 and 80 m. At a station further from shore and not affected by surface sea-ice meltwater, surface concentrations of CH₂I₂ were decreased whereas CH₂ICl concentrations were increased compared to the stations influenced by meltwater, consistent with photochemical conversion of CH₂I₂ to CH₂ICl, perhaps during upward mixing from a layer at  70 m enhanced in iodocarbons. Mean surface (5–10 m) water concentrations of halocarbons in these coastal Antarctic waters were 57 pmol l^− 1 CHBr₃ (range 44–78 pmol l^− 1), 4.2 pmol l^− 1 CH₂I₂ (range 1.7–8.2 pmol l^− 1), 0.8 pmol l^− 1 CH₂IBr (range 0.2–1.4 pmol l^− 1), and 0.7 pmol l^− 1 CH₂ICl (range 0.2–2.4 pmol l^− 1). Concurrent measurements in air suggested a sea-air flux of bromoform near the Antarctic coast of between 1 and 100 (mean 32.3, median 10.4) nmol m^− 2 day^− 1 and saturation anomalies of 557–1082% (mean 783%, median 733%), similar in magnitude to global shelf values. In surface samples affected by meltwater, CH₂I₂ fluxes ranged from 0.02 to 6.1 nmol m^− 2 day^− 1, with mean and median values of 1.9 and 1.1 nmol m^− 2 day^− 1, respectively.  相似文献   

Transterminator ion flow in the Martian ionosphere     

M. Fränz  E. Dubinin  J. Woch  R. Lundin 《Planetary and Space Science》2010,58(11):1442-1454

The upper ionospheres of Mars and Venus are permeated by the magnetic fields induced by the solar wind. It is a long-standing question whether these fields can put the dense ionospheric plasma into motion. If so, the transterminator flow of the upper ionosphere could explain a significant part of the ion escape from the planets atmospheres. But it has been technically very challenging to measure the ion flow at energies below 20 eV. The only such measurements have been made by the ORPA instrument of the Pioneer Venus Orbiter reporting speeds of 1-5 km/s for O⁺ ions at Venus above 300 km altitude at the terminator ( [Knudsen et al., 1980] and [Knudsen et al., 1982]). At Venus the transterminator flow is sufficient to sustain a permanent nightside ionosphere, at Mars a nightside ionosphere is observed only sporadically. We here report on new measurements of the transterminator ion flow at Mars by the ASPERA-3 experiment on board Mars Express with support from the MARSIS radar experiment for some orbits with fortunate observation geometry. We observe a transterminator flow of O⁺ and O₂⁺ ions with a super-sonic velocity of around 5 km/s and fluxes of 0.8×10⁹/cm² s. If we assume a symmetric flux around the terminator this corresponds to an ion flow of 3.1±0.5×10²⁵/s half of which is expected to escape from the planet. This escape flux is significantly higher than previously observed on the tailside of Mars. A possible mechanism to generate this flux can be the ionospheric pressure gradient between dayside and nightside or momentum transfer from the solar wind via the induced magnetic field since the flow velocity is in the Alfvénic regime. We discuss the implication of these new observations for ion escape and possible extensions of the analysis to dayside observations which may allow us to infer the flow structure imposed by the induced magnetic field.  相似文献   

One-Dimensional Variational Retrieval of Temperature and Humidity Profiles from the FY4A GIIRS   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Qiumeng XUE  Li GUAN  Xiaoning SHI 《大气科学进展》2022,39(3):471-486

A physical retrieval approach based on the one-dimensional variational(1 D-Var) algorithm is applied in this paper to simultaneously retrieve atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles under both clear-sky and partly cloudy conditions from FY-4 A GIIRS(geostationary interferometric infrared sounder) observations. Radiosonde observations from upper-air stations in China and level-2 operational products from the Chinese National Satellite Meteorological Center(NSMC)during the periods from December 2019 to January 2020(winter) and from July 2020 to August 2020(summer) are used to validate the accuracies of the retrieved temperature and humidity profiles. Comparing the 1 D-Var-retrieved profiles to radiosonde data, the accuracy of the temperature retrievals at each vertical level of the troposphere is characterized by a root mean square error(RMSE) within 2 K, except for at the bottom level of the atmosphere under clear conditions. The RMSE increases slightly for the higher atmospheric layers, owing to the lack of temperature sounding channels there.Under partly cloudy conditions, the temperature at each vertical level can be obtained, while the level-2 operational products obtain values only at altitudes above the cloud top. In addition, the accuracy of the retrieved temperature profiles is greatly improved compared with the accuracies of the operational products. For the humidity retrievals, the mean RMSEs in the troposphere in winter and summer are both within 2 g kg^–1. Moreover, the retrievals performed better compared with the ERA5 reanalysis data between 800 h Pa and 300 h Pa both in summer and winter in terms of RMSE.  相似文献   

On the maintenance of thermal wind balance and equatorial superrotation in Titan's stratosphere     

Xun Zhu  Darrell F. Strobel 《Icarus》2005,176(2):331-350

Titan's atmospheric winds, like those on Venus, exhibit superrotation at high altitudes. Titan general circulation models have yielded conflicting results on whether prograde winds in excess of 100 m s⁻¹ at the 1 mbar level are possible based on known physical processes that drive wind systems. A comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) model for Titan's stratosphere was constructed to systematically explore the physical mechanisms that produce and maintain stratospheric wind systems. To ensure conservation of angular momentum in the limit of no net exchange of atmospheric angular momentum with the solid satellite and no external sources and sinks, the zonal momentum equation was solved in flux form for total angular momentum. The relationships among thermal wind balance, meridional circulation, and zonal wind were examined with numerical experiments over a range of values for fundamental input parameters, including planetary rotation rate, radius, internal friction due to wave stresses, and net radiative drive. The magnitude of mid-latitude jets is most sensitive to a single parameter, the planetary rotation rate and results from the conversion of planetary angular momentum to relative angular momentum by the meridional circulation, whereas the strength of meridional circulation is mainly determined by the magnitude of the radiative drive. For Titan's slowly rotating atmosphere, the meridional temperature gradient is vanishingly small, even when the radiative drive is enhanced beyond reasonable magnitudes, and can be inferred from zonal winds in gradient/thermal wind balance. In our 2D model large equatorial superrotation in Titan's stratosphere can be only produced through internal drag forcing by eddy momentum fluxes, which redistribute angular momentum within the atmosphere, while still conserving the total angular momentum of the atmosphere with time. We cannot identify any waves, such as gravitational or thermal tides, that are sufficiently capable of generating the required eddy forcing of >50 m s⁻¹ Titan-day⁻¹ to maintain peak prograde winds in excess of 100 m s⁻¹ at the 1 mbar level.  相似文献   

Atmospheric ionization and cosmic rays: studies and measurements before 1912     

《Astroparticle Physics》2014

The discovery of cosmic rays, a milestone in science, was based on the work by scientists in Europe and the New World and took place during a period characterized by nationalism and lack of communication. Many scientists that took part in this research a century ago were intrigued by the penetrating radiation and tried to understand the origin of it. Several important contributions to the discovery of the origin of cosmic rays have been forgotten; historical, political and personal facts might have contributed to their substantial disappearance from the history of science.  相似文献   

基于FLAASH模型的FY-3A/MERSI数据大气校正研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘伟刚  郭铌  李耀辉  王钊  沙莎  韩晖  蔡迪花  吴秀平  蒋友严 《高原气象》2013,32(4)

在星载传感器成像获取地表信息过程中,常常会受大气影响而引起影像失真,导致地表真实信息不能被准确表达,对遥感影像进行大气校正可消弱这种影响.本文以粮食主产区 河南省为研究区域,采用FLAASH模型对晴空天气下FY-3A/MERSI数据(分辨率为1 km)进行大气校正.结果表明,大气校正后:(1)短波红外反射率总体变化不大(+4.1％),第6波段反射率以减小为主(-1.5％),第7波段反射率为增加(+9.6％);(2)在可见光各波段,反射率普遍降低,各波段变化均值为-82.7％.其中,红光反射率变化最小(第13、14波段分别变化了-23％和-19％,平均为-21％),绿光反射率变化稍大(第11、12波段分别变化了-75％和-50％,平均为-63％),蓝光反射率变化最大(第8～10波段分别变化了-196％、-122％和-94％,平均为-137％).而且大气校正后,可见光波段的反射率变幅普遍增大,不同地物在可见光波段的对比度也增加.(3)近红外各波段反射率平均增加了46.2％.除第19波段反射率减小(-54％)外,其余各波段反射率均有不同程度的增加.第15～18和第20波段反射率分别增加了28％、4％、41％、252％和6％. (4) NDVI指数平均增大了35％,植被信息凸显;NDWI指数变化不大,仅减小了8.7％.  相似文献   

大气边界层物理研究进展   总被引：10，自引：5，他引：5  

刘辉志  冯健武  王雷  洪钟祥 《大气科学》2013,37(2):467-476

本文总结了近4年来(2009～2012)中国科学院大气物理研究所大气边界层物理和大气化学国家重点实验室在大气边界层物理理论、观测实验、数值模拟和超声风速温度仪等仪器研制领域的主要研究进展,并对未来几年内大气边界层物理的发展方向提出了一些建议.  相似文献   

南京地区大气冰核浓度的测量及分析   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  

杨磊  银燕  杨绍忠  蒋惠  肖辉  陈倩  苏航  陈聪 《大气科学》2013,37(3):579-594

2011年5～8月期间使用5L混合型云室以及静力扩散云室对南京不同成核机制的大气冰核进行了观测,进而分析了近地层冰核浓度特征。结果表明:活化温度为－20°C时,5L混合型云室观测的总冰核浓度为20.11个/L,静力扩散云室模拟高水汽(计算的云室内水面过饱和度为5%)和低水汽(计算的云室内冰面过饱和度为5%)条件下冰核浓度分别为0.93个/L以及0.29个/L。晴好条件下冰核浓度具有明显的日变化特征,白天冰核浓度高于夜间;在下午时段冰核浓度达到全天最高值,这说明大气冰核可能与大气湍流强度、人类活动以及工业污染有关。降水对冰核的清除作用明显,台风系统过程中冰核浓度明显增加。南京地区冰核浓度随温度降低和湿度增加而增加。后向轨迹模式分析表明东北海洋气团冰核浓度最高,不同气团中冰核浓度的差异随着活化温度的降低而减小。个例分析秸秆燃烧生成的PM₁(大气中直径小于或者等于1 μm的颗粒物)与冰核关系发现燃烧产物对冰核有一定的贡献。  相似文献