The global search and commercialization of alternatives and substitutes for ozone-depleting substances     

《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2018,350(7):410-424

The Montreal Protocol has halted 99% of global production of chemical substances that deplete stratospheric ozone, which protects life on earth from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UVB) radiation. UVB causes skin cancer and cataracts, suppresses the human immune system, destroys plastics, and damages agricultural crops and natural ecosystems. Because ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) are powerful greenhouse gases, the Montreal Protocol also protects climate. From the authors’ perspectives in multiple roles as environmental entrepreneurs, practitioners, and authorities, this paper explains how individuals, companies, and military organizations researched, developed, commercialized and implemented alternatives to ODSs that are also safer for climate. With the benefit of hindsight, the authors reflect on what was neglected or done badly under the Montreal Protocol and present lessons learned on how Montreal Protocol institutions can be renewed and revitalized to phase down hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).  相似文献   

Twenty-five years of spectral UV-B measurements over Canada,Europe and Japan: Trends and effects from changes in ozone,aerosols, clouds,and surface reflectivity     

《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2018,350(7):393-402

Spectral UV records of solar irradiance at stations over Europe, Canada, and Japan were used to study long-term trends at 307.5 nm for a 25-year period, from 1992 to 2016. Ground-based measurements of total ozone, as well as satellite measurements of the Aerosol Index, the Total Cloud Cover and the surface reflectivity were also used in order to attribute the estimated changes of the UV to the corresponding changes of these factors. The present study shows that over the Northern Hemisphere, the long-term changes in UV-B radiation reaching the Earth's surface vary significantly over different locations, and that the main drivers of these variations are changes in aerosols and total ozone. At high latitudes, part of the observed changes may also be attributed to changes in the surface reflectivity. Over Japan, the UV-B irradiance at 307.5 nm has increased significantly by ∼3%/decade during the past 25 years, possibly due to the corresponding significant decrease of its absorption by aerosols. It was found that the greatest part of this increase took place before the mid-2000s. The only European station, over which UV radiation increases significantly, is that of Thessaloniki, Greece. Analysis of the clear-sky irradiance for the particular station shows increasing irradiance at 307.5 nm by ∼3.5%/decade during the entire period of study, with an increasing rate of change during the last decade, possibly again due to the decreasing absorption by aerosols.  相似文献   

冰层空气反循环快速钻进方法及冰屑运移研究          下载免费PDF全文

董硕  贺文博  曹金娥  王孟克  陈宝义  曹品鲁 《探矿工程》2021,48(1):49-56

空气反循环钻进技术具有钻速快、能耗低、可不提钻连续取心取样、能有效避免积雪层漏失等优点,在冰层钻探中极具应用潜力。本文针对冰层钻探技术特点,提出了双壁钻杆式、双通道高压胶管式和寄生高压胶管式等三种空气反循环冰层钻探技术,分别介绍了其工作原理及特点。基于气力输送和气体钻井基本理论,对冰屑颗粒气体介质中的悬浮速度进行了分析,建立了单颗粒冰屑悬浮、运移方程和冰屑颗粒群悬浮方程,并设计了冰屑悬浮实验台,对冰屑悬浮所需的风速进行了实验测试。理论计算值与实验实测值吻合较好,最大误差约10.91%,可用本文建立的冰屑运动方程来计算实际钻进时携带冰屑所需的风量,为后续在极地实施冰层空气反循环钻进技术提供了依据。  相似文献   

The cause of the spring strengthening of the Antarctic polar vortex     

《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2019

The stratospheric polar vortex strengthening from late winter to spring plays a crucial role in polar ozone depletion. The Arctic polar vortex reaches its peak intensity in mid-winter, whereas the Antarctic vortex usually strengthens in early spring. As a result, the strong ozone depletion is observed every year over the Antarctic, while over the Arctic short-term ozone loss occasionally occurs in late winter or early spring. However, the cause of such a difference in the life cycles of the Arctic and Antarctic polar vortices is still not completely clear. Based on the ERA-Interim reanalysis data, we show a high agreement between the seasonal variations of temperature in the subtropical lower stratosphere and zonal wind in the subpolar and polar lower stratosphere in the Southern Hemisphere. Thus, the spring strengthening of the Antarctic polar vortex can occur due to the seasonal temperature increase in the subtropical lower stratosphere in this period.  相似文献   

Interannual and Decadal Changes in Tropospheric Ozone in China and the Associated Chemistry–Climate Interactions: A Review     

Yu FU  Hong LIAO  Yang YANG 《大气科学进展》2019,36(9):975-993

China has been experiencing widespread air pollution due to rapid industrialization and urbanization in recent decades.The two major concerns of ambient air quality in China are particulate matter(PM) and tropospheric ozone(O_3). With the implementation of air pollution prevention and control actions in the last five years, the PM pollution in China has been substantially reduced. In contrast, under the conditions of the urban air pollution complex, the elevated O_3 levels in city clusters of eastern China, especially in warm seasons, have drawn increasing attention. Emissions of air pollutants and their precursors not only contribute to regional air quality, but also alter climate. Climate change in turn can change chemical processes, long-range transport, and local meteorology that influence air pollution. Compared to PM, less is known about O_3 pollution and its climate effects over China. Here, we present a review of the main findings from the literature over the period 2011–18 with regard to the characteristics of O_3 concentrations in China and the mechanisms that drive its interannual to decadal variations, aiming to identify robust conclusions that may guide decision-making for emissions control and to highlight critical knowledge gaps. We also review regional and global modeling studies that have investigated the impacts of tropospheric O_3 on climate, as well as the projections of future tropospheric O_3 owing to climate and/or emission changes.  相似文献   

Polar WRF模式海冰密集度方案对北极海雾模拟效果的个例研究          下载免费PDF全文

宋姝彤  衣立  张苏平  王晓宇  刘一林  陈显尧 《山东气象》2019,39(2):34-42

全球变暖的背景下,北极航线的常规通航甚至商业运营有望实现,而海雾会严重影响航道上船只的航行安全。海冰的存在使海气之间相互作用变得更为复杂,是研究北极海雾不可忽略的因素。船载观测发现,与中纬度常见平流冷却雾形成时气温下降速度往往超过海水降温速度不同,北极海雾发生时海冰的存在还会使海水降温速度超过空气降温速度。然而目前海冰分布是否会影响模式模拟海雾的准确性还不得而知,因此本文利用Polar WRF（Polar Weather Research and Forecasting）模式模拟了中国第七次北极考察中观测到的一次海雾过程,并进行海冰密集度敏感性试验。通过与船载观测和欧洲中期天气预报中心再分析数据比对发现,在低浮冰区内（海冰密集度小于50%）考虑海冰分布时可以更加准确地刻画潜热通量与水汽通量,模拟出与观测事实相符的表层空气降温与增湿过程以及相对湿度的变化,因此能够更好地刻画海雾的三维结构及其生消演变。  相似文献   

On the nonlinear response of lower stratospheric ozone to NOx and ClOx perturbations for different CH4 sources     

王革丽  杨培才 《大气科学进展》2006,23(5):750-757

The impact of sulfate aerosol, ClOx and NOx perturbations for two different magnitudes of CH4 sources on lower stratospheric ozone is studied by using a heterogeneous chemical system that consists of 19 species belonging to 5 chemical families （oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine and carbon）. The results show that the present modeled photochemical system can present several different solutions, for instance, periodic states and multi-equilibrium states appearing in turn under certain parameter domains, through chlorine chemistry and nitrogen chemistry together with sulfate aerosol as well as the increasing magnitude of CH4 sources. The existence of catastrophic transitions could produce a dramatic reduction in the ozone concentration with the increase of external sources.  相似文献   

平流层臭氧纬向分布季节变化和行星波的关系   总被引：9，自引：7，他引：2  

郑彬  陈月娟  施春华 《高原气象》2006,25(3):366-374

通过分析1992—2001年的HALOE卫星资料,给出了各纬度带平流层的臭氧混合比的纬向分布结构,并分析了其季节变化的特征,同时,利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了平流层行星波的结构及其与臭氧纬向分布的关系。结果表明:平流层臭氧混合比的纬向分布季节差异较大,在两半球的夏季平流层臭氧混合比的纬向分布较均匀,其它季节在中高纬的臭氧混合比高值区有一些扰动,并且随着纬度的增大其扰动加强,其中冬季它的扰动最强,这些都与平流层的行星波有相同的特点。对这两种资料进行波谱分析发现,在冬半球臭氧混合比在中高纬的纬向扰动有明显的1波信号,并且与位势高度的1波扰动有相同的位相,因此认为臭氧纬向扰动主要是由行星波引起的,并且在中高纬主要是1波的影响;而低纬地区由于不满足行星波上传的条件,所以臭氧纬向分布不受行星波的影响。分析行星波扰动对臭氧的输送作用也表明,行星波的扰动确实引起臭氧在经向上的输送,从而造成臭氧纬向分布的不对称,并且由于基本气流的输送作用,使得臭氧纬向扰动与行星波造成的原始扰动有一个位相差。  相似文献   

利用臭氧氧化发光光谱特征检测水质污染     

侯广利  刘岩  蒋慧略  高杨  徐珊珊  尤小华 《海洋技术学报》2006,25(2):117-120

利用不同的污染物质在被臭氧氧化时发光特性不同的原理检测水质污染。检测出来的发光光谱与不同污染源的特征光谱进行对比,辅助发光时序等特征,检测几种污染物的含量和确定污染源。对涉及的有关技术问题进行了探讨。  相似文献   

大城市气溶胶对光化辐射通量及臭氧的影响研究(Ⅰ)——国内外研究现状与观测事实述评   总被引：10，自引：7，他引：3  

邓雪娇  吴兑  铁学熙  李菲  谭浩波  毕雪岩 《广东气象》2006,(3):10-17

介绍了气溶胶对光化辐射通量及臭氧的影响研究的国内外动态,分析了广州城市气溶胶对紫外线及臭氧影响的观测实例,说明了大气气溶胶与臭氧变化规律及其相互作用机制研究已成为大气化学研究领域具有重要理论和实用价值的前沿课题。  相似文献