Effects of Grazing on the Grassland Vegetation Community Characteristics in Inner Mongolia     

GUO Caiyun  ZHAO Dongsheng  ZHENG Du  ZHU Yu 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2021,12(3):319-331

The continuous increase of livestock production in Inner Mongolia has caused severe degradation of the grassland ecosystems in recent years. Previous grazing experiments have shown a wide range of vegetation responses between the biome types on a global scale, but there is still a lack of sufficient studies to discern the relative responses of a given biome type. We conducted a meta-analysis of vegetation coverage (VC), plant density (PD), total biomass (TB), above-ground biomass (AGB), under-ground biomass (UGB) and Shannon-Weaver Index (SI) in different grassland types in Inner Mongolia obtained under conditions of different grazing intensities and durations. The results showed that grazing decreased VC, TB, AGB, UGB, and PD significantly. Compared to the global and national average values, the negative effects of grazing to steppe biomass in Inner Mongolia were higher than that on the global scale, while less pronounced than that in China. TB of the meadow steppe in Inner Mongolia increased by 40% under moderate grazing intensity and duration because of compensatory growth. SI of the desert and meadow steppe showed negative linear relationships with the grazing intensity in Inner Mongolia. The percentage changes in AGB, PD, and SI to grazing showed quadratic relationships with the mean annual temperature of the experimental year. With increasing mean annual precipitation, the negative effects of grazing on UGB and SI first decreased and then increased, with that of VC and grazing showing a cubic relationship.  相似文献   

C波段双线偏振雷达反射率因子的衰减订正及对降雨估测精度的改进     

黄兴友  张磊  芦荀  李盈盈  印佳楠  马雷  张帅 《气象科学》2018,38(2):237-246

C波段双线偏振雷达反射率因子易受衰减的影响,为了提高降雨的准确性,需要对雷达反射率因子进行衰减订正。K_(DP)是能够用于衰减订正的一个有效因子,本文采用小波分析法对Ф_(DP)数据进行预处理,再将处理后的数据拟合得到相对准确的K_(DP)。为了验证衰减订正的效果,利用S波段雷达反射率因子作为参考,对比分析了衰减订正前后C波段双线偏振雷达反射率因子的变化,结果表明:经过衰减订正后的Z_H更接近于S波段雷达的反射率因子。在进行降雨估测时,不同方案估测降雨的差异较大,当C波段双线偏振雷达与S波段雷达均采用Z-R关系估测降雨时,S波段雷达的效果更好。当C波段双线偏振雷达采用衰减订正后的R(Z_H,K_(DP))法估测降雨时,效果优于S波段雷达的R(Z)方案。当降雨强度10 mm·h~(-1)时,雷达估测的雨量普遍低于地面雨量计的雨量,经过雨量计校准后,可以进一步提高降雨估测精度。  相似文献   

TRMM卫星降水数据在天山山区的校正方法研究   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1  

金晓龙  邵华  邱源  杜浩阳 《气象》2018,44(7):882-891

本文基于全球降水观测(Global Precipitation Measurement,GPM)及天山山区40个气象站点数据,提出了一种新的热带降水测量任务(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission,TRMM)卫星数据误差校正方法(MERGE),并与广泛使用的地理差异分析(Geographical Different Analysis,GDA)方法进行对比,通过交叉验证来评价两种方法对山区年/月降水的校正效果。结果表明,MERGE方法不仅能提高TRMM的空间分辨率(0.05°),且在年(平均Bias降低了21%)、月(平均Bias降低了37%)尺度上的校正结果都优于GDA方法;校正后TRMM降水的误差在不同月份存在很大差异,即在降水较多的雨季(4—10月)误差较大(MAE3mm),而在干季(11月至次年3月)误差较小(MAE3mm)。MERGE方法不仅能有效改善高海拔地区的降水误差(平均误差降低了59%),且对原始TRMM数据的依赖性较小(R2=0.47),即使在原始TRMM数据表现不佳的局部区域,也能有效降低其误差。  相似文献   

Colonization and Probiotic Effect of Metschnikowia sp. C14 in the Intestine of Juvenile Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus     

LI Ming  BAO Pengyun  SONG Jian  DING Jianfeng  LIU Yubin  MA Yuexin 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2020,19(1):225-231

Viable cell count was used to determine whether Metschnikowia sp.C14 can colonize the intestine of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus.Sea cucumber individuals were divided into two groups,which were fed the control diet for 38 days or the C14-supplemented diet at 105 cells g−1 diet for 28 days,then the control diet from day 29 to day 38.The number of C14 cells in the intestine of sea cucumber fed the C14-supplemented diet significantly increased from day 7 to day 28,and decreased from day 29 to day 38.Sea cucumber fed with the diet containing C14 showed a significant increase in trypsin activity and lipase activity from day 21 to day 33 compared with the control.Feeding C14 significantly improved the phagocytic activity and respiratory burst in coelomocytes from day 21 to day 35 and from day 14 to day 38,respectively.In addition,there was an obvious enhancement in lysozyme activity(from day 21 to day 38 or day 33),phenoloxidase activity(from day 21 to day 28)and total nitric oxide synthase activity(from day 14 to day 38)in coelomic fluid supernatant and/or coelomocyte cell lysate supernatant compared with the control.There were significant positive correlations between the number of C14 cells colonizing the intestine and trypsin activity of the intestine,lysozyme activity of the coelomic fluid supernatant and coelomocyte lysate supernatant from sea cucumber.These data suggested that the number of C14 cells should be maintained at 105 cfu(colony-forming units)g−1 intestine material for the maximum benefit.  相似文献   

Effect of Rainfall Intensity on Infiltration into Partly Saturated Slopes   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Jianfeng Xue  Kenneth Gavin 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2008,26(2):199-209

This paper describes the development of a model to analyse the rate of infiltration and run-off experienced by a partly saturated soil slope during rainfall. The paper first reviews some of the most popular infiltration models used in geotechnical analysis, and highlights some of the problems associated with their application. One particular model, the Horton Equation is extended to include rainfall intensity directly in its formulation. The new model is shown to predict infiltration responses, which agree with field measurements. In the final section the influence of the rainfall intensity and pattern of rainfall (variation of rainfall intensity) on the infiltration response of a soil is investigated using the new model.  相似文献   

应用流量历时曲线分析黄土高原水利水保措施对河川径流的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

穆兴民  高鹏  巴桑赤烈  张晓萍 《地球科学进展》2008,23(4):382-389

流量历时曲线（Flow Duration Curve,FDC）是用于分析流域径流特征及其变化的有效方法之一。以长序列日流量为基础,采用FDC方法并结合各流域的径流量时间变化趋势分析方法,研究了黄土高原佳芦河、秃尾河、延河和湫水河等4条流域流量变化的基本特征;通过临界年份前后两个时段序列及不同年代序列的流量历时曲线变化的比较,分析了流域径流过程对大面积水土保持措施的响应。结果表明：随水土保持措施累积面积的不断增大,佳芦河、湫水河、秃尾河的径流量逐年减少,且水土保持措施对高流量部分径流减少的程度较低流量部分大,尤以工程措施为主的湫水河流量减少最明显。在延河流域,与临界年份前的时段相比,后期的高流量部分的径流量减小,而常水和低流量部分的径流量相对增大。尽管流域水土流失综合治理并未使河川径流量增加,但由于高流量部分流量的减少程度较低流量部分径流量减少程度大,从而使流域年内日径流量变化过程趋于均匀化。  相似文献   

Might climate change the “healthy migrant” effect?     

《Global Environmental Change》2017

Migrants from Mexico to the U.S. tend to be healthier than non-migrants in their origin – part of a pattern termed the “healthy migrant effect”. With climate change altering livelihoods across the globe, we ask how the migration-health connection may be altered by environmental strain. On the one hand, positive health selectivity may be intensified if migration becomes more challenging – and therefore increasingly likely to be undertaken by only the healthiest. On the other hand, positive health selectivity may decline if the “push” associated with environmental strain acts upon individuals regardless of health. We use Mexican Migration Project data to model Mexico-US migration by male household heads with consideration of migrant health as well as recent rainfall conditions in communities of origin. Results reveal intriguing interactions such that when moderately dry regions experience rainfall shortage, health selectivity is lower – meaning that less healthy household heads also engage in international migration. We posit that social networks may underlie this association. We further argue that since environmental context may alter the relationship between migration and health, future research on the “healthy migrant effect” should consider environmental conditions. As to implications, if climate change yields pressure on less healthy individuals to migrate, the need for migrant-sensitive health systems and services may be intensified in destination regions.  相似文献   

厄尔尼诺事件对中国夏季水汽输送和降水分布影响的新研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

吴萍  丁一汇  柳艳菊 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2017,75(3):371-383

基于1961-2016年中国地面台站降水观测资料和多种再分析资料,分析了东部型和中部型两类厄尔尼诺事件对中国夏季水汽输送和降水的不同影响。结果表明：（1）厄尔尼诺事件对中国夏季降水的影响在发生当年和次年有明显的不同,主要影响是在其发生的次年,中国大部分地区的夏季降水明显偏多。（2）东部型厄尔尼诺事件当年夏季,西北太平洋副热带高压（副高）偏东偏弱,水汽输送条件较弱,不利于中国大范围降水的发生;中部型事件当年夏季,低纬度印度洋和西太平洋蒸发异常偏强,来自阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾和西北太平洋向华南地区的水汽输送和净水汽收支增加,有利于华南地区降水的异常增多。（3）东部型厄尔尼诺事件次年夏季,副热带太平洋蒸发异常偏强,副高西伸,由于东亚-太平洋（EAP）遥相关型的建立,副高西侧的强西南气流将来自太平洋蒸发的大量水汽持续输送至中国中东部地区。此外,在东亚-太平洋遥相关型影响下中高纬度地区建立了亚洲双阻型环流,其间的低槽冷涡与上游阻高之间的强偏北气流有利于北冰洋的水汽持续输送到西北和华北北部地区,中国大部分地区净水汽收支均增加,中国北方和南方地区的降水均产生了明显的同步性增多响应,形成了南北两条异常雨带。中部型厄尔尼诺事件次年夏季,副高较常年偏西且偏北,来自太平洋蒸发的大量水汽输送到江淮地区,使其净水汽收支增加和降水偏多。因此,厄尔尼诺事件的发生不仅对长江流域和淮河流域等南方地区的降水有重要影响,对华北、东北和西北地区的降水异常也有相当的作用。  相似文献   

基于Anusplin插值的广东省近50年日照时数时空特征     

严敏聪  潘志豪  沈碧辉  翁佳烽 《广东气象》2022,44(1):25-29

基于1971-2020年广东省国家气象站点数据,采用Anusplin插值以及Morlet小波来分析广东省日照时数空间栅格数据以及时间序列周期变化规律.结果表明:(1)广东省年均日照时数的变化范围为1 052.3～2 185.9 h,平均日照时数为1 713.8 h,呈现南多北少、东西多中间少的分布规律.四季平均日照时数...  相似文献   

Effects of length and application rate of rice straw mulch on surface runoff and soil loss under laboratory simulated rainfall   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Misagh Parhizkar  Mahmood Shabanpour  Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja  Demetrio Antonio Zema  Siyue Li  Nobuaki Tanaka  Artemio Cerdà 《国际泥沙研究》2021,36(4):468-478

Forest land affected by deforestation yields high soil and water losses.Suitable management practices need to be found that can reduce these losses and achieve ecological and hydrological sustainability of the deforested areas.Mulch has been found to be effective in reducing soil losses;straw mulch is easy to apply,contributes soil organic matter,and is efficient since the day of application.However,the complex effects of rice straw mulch with different application rates and lengths on surface runoff and soil loss have not been clarified in depth.The current paper evaluates the efficiency of rice straw mulch in reducing the hydrological response of a silty clay loam soil under high intensity and low frequency rainfall events(tap water with total depth of 49 mm and intensity of 98 mm/h)simulated in the laboratory.Surface runoff and soil loss at three lengths of the straw(10,30,and 200 mm)and three application rates(1,2,and 3 Mg/ha)were measured in 50 cm(width)×100 cm(length)×10 cm(depth)plots with disturbed soil samples(aggregate soil size<4 mm)collected in a deforested area.Bare soil was used as control experiment.Runoff volume and erosion were significantly(at p<0.05)lower in mulched soils compared to control plots.These reductions were ascribed to the water absorption capacity of the rice straw and the protection cover of the mulch layer.The minimum runoff was observed for a mulch layer of3 Mg/ha of straw with a length of 200 mm.The lowest soil losses were found with straw length of10 mm.The models developed predict runoff and erosion based on simple linear functions of mulch application rate and length,and can be used for a suitable hydrological management of soil.It is concluded that,thanks to rice straw mulch used as an organic soil conditioner,soil erosion and surface runoff are significantly(at p<0.05)reduced,and the mulch protection contributes to reduce the risk of soil degradation.Further research is,however,needed to analyze the upscaling of the hydrological effects of mulching from the plot to the hillslope scale.  相似文献