河西走廊一次夏季强沙尘暴的影响系统分析   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

王伏村  张德玉  郝志毅  付有智 《干旱气象》2009,27(3):239-244

使用NCEP再分析资料以及高空、地面观测资料和张掖CINRAD-CC天气雷达观测数据对2008年6月13日发生在河西走廊中部的一次强沙尘暴天气进行了连续监测和分析.结果表明:高空冷空气快速东移叠加到地面热低压之上形成对流不稳定,使得中尺度对流系统快速发展;T-LnP图上500～540 hPa干暖盖有利于对流层低层不稳定能量的存储和积累,干暖盖是强对流天气发生的重要征兆;沙尘暴发生前对流系统先从低层发展,然后迅速向中层发展;沙尘暴发生后中低层雷达回波减弱;中层回波开始增强,并向下发展,降水增大后,沙尘暴减弱消失;沙尘暴发生在紧邻强回波前面弱回波区域内;地面观测沙尘暴发生、发展、消亡时间与逆风区生消演变密切相关,沙尘天气发生在逆风区范围内,强沙尘暴天气发生在逆风区外层风速大值区的强辐合上升气流中.  相似文献   

黄土高原南部末次冰期以来沙尘气溶胶的气候效应     

穆燕  秦小光  殷志强 《气候与环境研究》2009,14(2):172-182

沙尘气溶胶是地球上分布最广的自然气溶胶类型之一,也是气候系统中的重要成分。沙尘天气严重影响人类生产、生活和居住环境,对气候变化也存在显著作用。近年来,沙尘气溶胶的气候效应得到越来越多的关注和研究,但人们的工作主要集中在对现代沙尘气溶胶的研究,而对过去沙尘气溶胶气候效应的研究不多。本研究利用黄土粒度及沉积特征,根据现代沙尘暴的沉降特点,研究了60 kaB.P以来中国黄土高原南部地区沙尘气溶胶的辐射效应,结果表明：1）沙尘气溶胶产生的辐射效应主要表现在造成行星系统太阳辐射反射量的普遍增加,即沙尘过程具有明显的降温效应。2）气候效应上主要表现为对气候的负反馈。由沙尘粒度引起的行星反照率在全新世适宜期达最大值,而在冰期有最小值出现;在气候降温事件中,沙尘气溶胶造成行星反照率降低;每一次降温事件发生时气溶胶的降温效应会相应减弱。约60 kaB.P以来沙尘气溶胶给年均温度带来的影响是使其平均降幅在－0.8 K左右。3）利用黄土的粒度分布,结合现代气溶胶的观测可以估算地质时期沙尘气溶胶的气候效应。  相似文献   

1997-2007年塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘天气变化特征   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

薛福民  刘新春  马燕  张琼 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2009,3(1):31-34

利用塔中及沙漠周边气象站1997-2007年11a的地面观测资料,分析了该地区沙尘天气的气候变化特征.结果表明:该地区沙尘天气以浮尘天气为主,扬沙次之,沙尘暴最少,年平均日数分别为97.4d、59.6d、15.8d;具有明显的季节变化和年际变化,每年3月至8月是沙尘天气的多发时段,占了历年平均数79.6%,浮尘和扬沙年日数呈上升趋势,沙尘暴反之.沙尘天气总体分布特征遵循从东往西南到南面逐渐增多,塔中并不是沙尘天气出现最多的地区.温度在19～33℃、相对湿度在10%～16%、风速≥7m/s范围里且在偏东风和偏北风情况下,沙尘暴天气发生几率最高.  相似文献   

Assessment of Dust Aerosol Optical Depth and Shortwave Radiative Forcing over the Northwest Pacific Ocean in Spring Based on Satellite Observations          下载免费PDF全文

CHEN Lin  SHI Guang-Yu  ZHONG Ling-Zhi  TAN Sai-Chun 《大气和海洋科学快报》2009,2(4):224-229

Dust aerosol optical depth （AOD） and its accompanying shortwave radiative forcing （RF） are usually simulated by numerical models. Here, by using 9 months of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） aerosol product data in combination with Clouds and the Earth＇s Radiant Energy System Single Scanner Footprint （CERES/SSF） data, dust AOD and its shortwave RF were estimated over the cloud-free northwest （NW） Pacific Ocean in the springs of 2004, 2005, and 2006. The results showed that in this region, the mean dust AOD and its shortwave RF were 0.10 and -5.51 W m^-2, respectively. In order to validate the dust AOD derived by MODIS, results from the Goddard Global Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport （GOCART） model were also used here. The correlation coefficient between the monthly averaged dust AOD derived by MODIS measurements and the model simulation results was approximately 0.53. Since the estimates of the dust AOD and its shortwave RF obtained in this study are based mainly on satellite data, they offer a good reference for numerical models.  相似文献   

中国春季沙尘暴年代际变化和季节预测   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

祝从文  徐康  张书萍  郭玲 《气象科技》2010,38(2):201-204

利用1954～2007年中国258个台站观测的月沙尘暴日数资料,北半球地表温度和美国NCAR/NCEP大气再分析资料,研究了中国春季沙尘暴日数年代际变化特征及其影响因子。研究发现:中国春季沙尘暴日数与贝加尔湖地表变暖存在显著的负相关,相关系数达到-0.8,该地区的地表温度变暖导致蒙古气旋活动和我国沙尘暴频率降低。利用该地区冬季对流层850 hPa温度与春季地表温度指数之间显著正相关关系,建立了冬季850 hPa温度指数预测中国春季沙尘暴频率的线性预报方程。通过22年回报检验发现,统计预报结果与多数台站观测的沙尘暴发生频率存在显著的正相关,最大相关系数达到+0.4。其中,近22年的预报场与观测之间空间相关系数平均达到+0.4以上,均方根误差在1～2之间,表明该统计预报模型具有一定的业务应用价值。  相似文献   

基于船载太阳光度计观测的黄海海面亚洲沙尘柱总量和干沉降通量个例研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

YANG Dong-Xu  LIU Yi  CHEN Wen-Zhong 《大气和海洋科学快报》2010,3(2):64-69

The total dust column and the dry deposition flux were calculated based on the optical properties that were measured by a shipboard sun photometer POM-01 MKⅡ in a cloud-free and nonfrontal dust condition on 24 April 2006. The total dust column was calculated by using an integration method of the particle size distribution; the mean value was 1.42±0.30 g m-2. A linear correlation between the total dust column and the aerosol optical depth (AOD) with a linear factor of 2.7 g m-2 over the Sahara was applied to calculate the total dust column in this study; the results were lower than these calculated by the integration method. A reasonable factor of 3.2 g m-2 was achieved by minimizing the standard deviation (SD) of the two methods. The two layers model, which includes the deposition processes of turbulent transfer, Brownian diffusion, impaction and gravitational settling over the sea’s surface, was used to calculate the dry deposition flux; the mean value was 5.05±2.49 μg m-2 s-1. A correlation among the total dust column, dry deposition flux, AOD, and effective radius was discussed. The correlation between the total dust column and the AOD was better than that between the total dust column and the effective radius; however, the correlation between the dry deposition flux and the effective radius was better than that between the dry deposition flux and the AOD.  相似文献   

The Northern Path of Asian Dust Transport from the Gobi Desert to North America   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

CHEN Ke-Yi 《大气和海洋科学快报》2010,3(3):155-159

The aerosol index (AI) of the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) satellite data (1979 2001) was analyzed to reveal the climatological long-distance path of dust transport from Asia to North America. The AI in the west coast of the United States is highly correlated with that in the Gobi desert. Additionally, from the TOMS satellite images, it can be seen that very strong plumes advect from Asia to the west coast of North America in typical dust storm cases. When applying the sourcereceptor relationship to detect the northern dust transport path between the Gobi source region and the west coast of the United States receptor region, it is evident that the dust plume can be transported northward beyond 60°N from its source region and that it takes 5 to 6 days to reach the west coast of the United States. The cross correlation technique shown in this work is a useful tool that can be applied in other regions to give useful insights into relationships between major dust sources and downwind receptor locations by using remotely sensed dust observations.  相似文献   

Impact of Saharan dust on PM10 concentration in the Mediterranean Tunisian coasts     

Karim Bouchlaghem  Blaise Nsom  Noureddine Latrache  Houda Haj Kacem 《Atmospheric Research》2009,92(4):531-539

This paper presents samples of Saharan dust outbreak affecting the Mediterranean Tunisian coasts and its impact on PM10 (Particles with an aerodynamic diameter below 10 µm) surface concentrations measured at seven monitoring stations during summer 2006. During the events, the daily PM10 levels at all stations exceeded EU and Tunisian air quality standard limits which are equal to 50 µg/m³. The maximum values ranged from 200 µg/m³ to 300 µg/m³ depending on the monitoring station. The impact is even more dramatic on PM10 hourly concentrations leading to maximum hourly peaks ranging from 400 µg/m³ to 850 µg/m³ again depending on the monitoring station (industrial or residential, traffic and commercial). Comparison between backward air masses trajectories reaching Tunisian coasts and satellite imageries vis-à-vis the PM10 hourly concentrations measured at the monitoring stations during 2006 evidenced the influence of the Saharan dust outbreaks on surface concentrations. The origin of the air masses is found to be from South-West direction under the influence of air masses from the Algerian Saharan desert.  相似文献   

A dynamical model of the sporadic meteoroid complex     

Paul Wiegert  Jeremie Vaubaillon 《Icarus》2009,201(1):295-310

Sporadic meteoroids are the most abundant yet least understood component of the Earth's meteoroid complex. This paper aims to build a physics-based model of this complex calibrated with five years of radar observations. The model of the sporadic meteoroid complex presented here includes the effects of the Sun and all eight planets, radiation forces and collisions. The model uses the observed meteor patrol radar strengths of the sporadic meteors to solve for the dust production rates of the populations of comets modeled, as well as the mass index. The model can explain some of the differences between the meteor velocity distributions seen by transverse versus radial scatter radars. The different ionization limits of the two techniques result in their looking at different populations with different velocity distributions. Radial scatter radars see primarily meteors from 55P/Tempel-Tuttle (or an orbitally similar lost comet), while transverse scatter radars are dominated by larger meteoroids from the Jupiter-family comets. In fact, our results suggest that the sporadic complex is better understood as originating from a small number of comets which transfer material to near-Earth space quite efficiently, rather than as a product of the cometary population as a whole. The model also sheds light on variations in the mass index reported by different radars, revealing it to be a result of their sampling different portions of the meteoroid population. In addition, we find that a mass index of s=2.34 as observed at Earth requires a shallower index (s=2.2) at the time of meteoroid production because of size-dependent processes in the evolution of meteoroids. The model also reveals the origin of the 55° radius ring seen centered on the Earth's apex (a result of high-inclination meteoroids undergoing Kozai oscillation) and the central condensations seen in the apex sources, as well as providing insight into the strength asymmetry of the helion and anti-helion sources.  相似文献   

Measurements of the Gegenschein brightness from the Solar Mass Ejection Imager (SMEI)     

Andrew Buffington  Mario M. Bisi  P. Paul Hick  Thomas A. Kuchar 《Icarus》2009,203(1):124-176

The Gegenschein is viewed by the Solar Mass Ejection Imager (SMEI), which has provided near-full-sky broadband visible-light photometric maps for over 5 years. These have an angular resolution of about 0.5° and differential photometric stability of about 1% throughout this time. When individual bright stars are removed from the maps and an empirical sidereal background subtracted, the residue is dominated by the zodiacal light. The unprecedented sky coverage and duration of these measurements enables a definitive characterization of the Gegenschein. This article describes the analysis method for these data, presents a movie with time of the Gegenschein brightness distribution, determines empirical formulae describing its average shape, and discusses its variation with time. These measurements unambiguously confirm previous reports that the Gegenschein surface-brightness distribution has a decided peak in the antisolar point, which rises above a broader background.  相似文献