Valuing the health benefits of physical activities in the marine environment and their importance for marine spatial planning     

《Marine Policy》2016

The marine environment provides a number of services which contribute to human well-being including the provision of food, regulation of climate and the provision of settings for cultural gains. To ensure these services continue to be provided, effective management is required and is being strategically implemented through the development of marine spatial plans. These plans require an understanding of the costs and benefits associated with alternative marine uses and how they contribute to human well-being. One benefit which is often difficult to quantify is the health benefit of engaging with the marine environment. To address this, the research develops an approach which can estimate the contribution aquatic physical activities makes to quality adjusted life years (QALYs) in monetary and non-monetary terms. Using data from the Health Survey for England, the research estimates that physical activities undertaken in aquatic environments at a national level provides a total gain of 24,853 QALYs. A conservative estimate of the monetary value of a QALY gain of this magnitude is £176 million. This approach provides estimates of health benefits which can be used in more comprehensive impact assessments, such as cost-benefit analysis, to compare alternative marine spatial plans. The paper concludes by discussing future steps.  相似文献   

Assessing decarbonization pathways and their implications for energy security policies in Japan     

Ken Oshiro  Mikiko Kainuma  Toshihiko Masui 《Climate Policy》2016,16(4):S63-S77

For countries without sufficient fossil fuel resources such as Japan, climate policies in the mid- to long term need to satisfy requirements not only for decarbonisation but also for energy security in the context of limitations on renewable energies and nuclear power. This study assesses the feasibility of decarbonization pathways to 2050 and their effects on energy security, considering the latest energy and climate policies in Japan using the AIM/Enduse model. The analysis illustrates that deep decarbonization by 2050 is technically feasible even without nuclear power based on three elements: energy efficiency improvements, low-carbon electricity and electrification in end-use sectors. These decarbonization pathways, in the long term, could also contribute to enhanced energy security, reducing import dependency to less than a half of the total primary energy and reducing import bills for fossil fuels by around 70% compared with the current level. Notably, renewable energies could play a strategically significant role in satisfying both climate and energy security requirements. In the mid-term (to 2030), however, although GHG emissions are reduced by 14–20% from 1990 levels, import dependency is relatively stable at today's levels, particularly without the restart of nuclear power. Given the limited potential for renewable energies in the mid-term, it is suggested that the availability of nuclear power will have negative impacts on carbon intensity and energy security, and policies to enhance the security of fossil fuels, including diversification of fuel sources and supply routes, will be required for the foreseeable future.

Policy relevance

Considering the scarcity of indigenous fossil fuel resources and the uncertain availability of nuclear power in Japan, renewable energy could play a strategically significant role in replacing unabated fossil fuels, which would contribute to satisfying both climate and energy security requirements in the long term. However, the renewable energy potential is insufficient to eliminate the requirement for fossil fuels by 2030; therefore the unavailability of nuclear power would affect energy security considerably. Thus, policies in the mid-term would still require enhancement of the energy security of fossil fuels, including the diversification of fuel sources and supply routes, as well as alleviation of the impacts of price volatility.  相似文献   

Gaining public engagement to restore coral reef ecosystems in the face of acute crisis     

《Global Environmental Change》2022

The twin crisis of biodiversity loss and climate change make it urgent to find ways of restoring natural ecosystems, including coral reefs. Methods for coral reef restoration are rapidly advancing, bringing with them a range of potential risks and opportunities. Attention to public engagement in the governance of such activities therefore becomes critical. This research examines public attitudinal and behavioral engagement in ‘traditional’ coral restoration projects in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area (i.e. coral gardening at relatively small scales). Grounded on dual-process decision-making and trust theories, rational factors (i.e., perceived benefits), emotions (i.e., hope and guilt) and trust are conceptually three main determinants of public engagement in ecological restoration. We used a mixed-method approach, including 63 individual interviews and a follow-up survey with 1585 participants, to clarify the roles of these psychological factors in motivating public engagement in current coral restoration projects. Trust was found to be the most important factor influencing public acceptance (i.e., attitudinal engagement) of coral restoration, while the emotion of guilt was the most influential factor affecting public support (i.e., behavioral engagement). Therefore, when advocating for conservation projects, different campaigns could be implemented with: (1) positive messages of hope and trust to gain public acceptance for government-funded restoration projects and (2) messages highlighting individual responsibility to motivate behavioral support to scale up restoration projects.  相似文献   

Rights to carbon and payments for services rendered under REDD+: Options for the case of Mexico     

Margaret Skutsch  Cecilia Simon  Alejandro Velazquez  José Carlos Fernández 《Global Environmental Change》2013,23(4):813-825

Mexico is relatively advanced in its preparation for international policy on Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) and has many of the pre-conditions needed to support a community approach in the implementation of a national REDD+ programme, particularly as regards tenure of forests and experience with community forest management and PES schemes, although these conditions do not pertain everywhere. One critical issue that is yet to be resolved concerns rights to carbon credits and distribution of the financial benefits flowing from REDD+. We demonstrate that attribution of carbon credits from reduced deforestation and degradation at the community level is virtually impossible from a technical viewpoint, since these credits are counterfactual. Payments based on assessment of performance of each community in terms of such reductions would moreover be inequitable and inefficient. Flat rate payments in return for agreed improvements in management are likely to be more motivating and much easier to administer. However, increases in carbon stock (forest enhancement) can be physically measured on site, and could be more easily attributed to each individual community. We therefore propose a system in which reduced deforestation and degradation are considered environmental services, with credits accruing to national government. The financial value of the credits may be used to finance flat rate payments to communities who agree to implement improved management. On the other hand, credits for forest enhancement, which reflect measurable increases in carbon in the communities’ trees, would be considered environmental goods. These should be considered the direct property of the owners of the forest (in the same sense as wood or poles) and it would be possible for communities to sell these credits themselves. We acknowledge however that many other problems face implementation of REDD+ in Mexico, and provide a number of important examples.  相似文献   

Can the benefits of physical seabed restoration justify the costs? An assessment of a disused aggregate extraction site off the Thames Estuary,UK     

《Marine pollution bulletin》2013,76(1-2):33-45

Physical and biological seabed impacts can persist long after the cessation of marine aggregate dredging. Whilst small-scale experimental studies have shown that it may be possible to mitigate such impacts, it is unclear whether the costs of restoration are justified on an industrial scale. Here we explore this question using a case study off the Thames Estuary, UK. By understanding the nature and scale of persistent impacts, we identify possible techniques to restore the physical properties of the seabed, and the costs and the likelihood of success. An analysis of the ecosystem services and goods/benefits produced by the site is used to determine whether intervention is justified. Whilst a comparison of costs and benefits at this site suggests restoration would not be warranted, the analysis is site-specific. We emphasise the need to better define what is, and is not, an acceptable seabed condition post-dredging.  相似文献   

4305（北）综采工作面精细化过断层技术研究     

杨建国  刘维新  高洁 《山东地质》2010,(11):52-54,58

该文研究了常用的几种过断层方案,本着精细化过断层的原则并结合工作面实际地质变化情况,对4305（北）综采工作面过F40025断层实施了＂顺断层伪倾角控制坡度—优化机械破岩工艺—机械破岩和爆破相结合＂的过断层综合成套工艺,根据工作面内F40205断层的变化情况及时采取合适的通过措施,保证了回采速度,减少了煤炭资源损失,有效控制了设备的事故率,保证了安全生产。  相似文献   

地质公园的旅游者收益及其核心影响力——以河南云台山世界地质公园为例     

彭永祥  曹小曙  吴成基 《地理研究》2012,31(9):1722-1735

从强调旅游资源和旅游者这一旅游活动基本矛盾的角度以及当前国内地质公园开发利用现状出发,研究了地质公园的旅游者收益问题。透视人类旅游现象的本质不难发现,旅游者收益最能体现旅游促进人的发展的这一本质,也是旅游者旅游活动的核心利益和终极追求,因而其对旅游者满意及其后续行为应该具有核心影响力。为此,选择近年因建立世界地质公园而著名的河南云台山为研究对象,调查得到273个样本数据,建立旅游者收益影响力的结构方程模型进行相应的肯证和否证检析。结果显示:旅游者收益较之地质公园普遍支持力对旅游者满意具有更强的正效应,前者效应系数达0.75,后者仅0.36,旅游者收益因而具有重要的现实意义。而旅游者属性特征变量性别、文化程度、职业、来源地、年龄、需求特征等对旅游者收益基本没有影响,说明旅游者收益具有内在稳定性。研究从而也证明地质公园已对我国旅游者及市场产生了一定的特殊影响。  相似文献   

中培期和养成期墨西哥湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians concentricus)新品系养殖密度的研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

栗志民  刘志刚  刘付少梅  钟毅光 《海洋与湖沼》2013,44(6):1557-1565

于2011年10至2012年4月选择同一批次的墨西哥湾扇贝贝苗,采用大板笼和小板笼对该贝类进行中间培育和养成实验,研究了中培期和养成期不同养殖密度对该贝类生长和存活的影响,分析了养成期养殖密度与经济效益的关系。结果表明,在中培阶段,随着养殖密度的增加,壳高、体质量、壳高相对生长率、体质量相对生长率、日增壳高、日增体质量和存活率呈下降趋势,方差分析表明,养殖密度对墨西哥湾扇贝存活率、壳高、体质量及相关生长速度参数产生显著影响（P﹤0.05）。大板笼养殖密度180个/层时,壳高为30.93mm、存活率为91.00%,小板笼养殖密度120个/层时,壳高30.84mm、存活率91.40%,Duncan法多重比较分析显示,中培阶段大板笼适宜的养殖密度为180个/层,小板笼适宜的养殖密度为120个/层。在养成阶段,随着养殖密度的升高,存活率、出肉率、壳高、体质量及相关生长速度参数呈下降趋势,方差分析表明,养殖密度对墨西哥湾扇贝存活率、出肉率、壳高、体质量及相关生长速度参数产生显著影响（P﹤0.05）。大板笼养殖密度60个/层时,壳高42.81mm、存活率86.33%、出肉率16.75%,小板笼养殖密度50个/层时,壳高42.35mm、存活率84.21%、出肉率16.91%。养成期经济效益分析表明,随着扇贝养殖密度的升高,每500g肉柱的粒数呈逐渐递增趋势,而每粒肉柱的重量和肉柱的价格呈逐渐递减趋势,养殖笼单层产量、产值和收益均呈现峰值变化规律。大板笼养殖密度为60个/层时,产量、产值和收益均达最大值,分别为177.17g/层、5.03元/层和2.33元/层,小板笼养殖密度为50个/层时,产量、产值和收益均取得最大值,分别为153.15g/层、4.48元/层和2.27元/层。经多重比较不同养殖密度下扇贝生长、存活和生长速度的差异,以及综合分析养殖密度与经济效益的关系,提出养成期大板笼适宜的养殖密度为60个/层,小板笼适宜的养殖密度为50个/层。  相似文献   

快步进入经济建设主战场——评广西地质研究所1995年工作绩效     

韦仁彦 《南方国土资源》1996,(4)

根据科技统计资料，从经济效益、科研成果、科研效率、科技管理和科技人才５个方面的２４个二级指标，分析评价广西地质研究所１９９５年工作绩效  相似文献   

利用灰色局势决策评价和优选金刚石钻头          下载免费PDF全文

石昆山 《探矿工程》1996,(5):22-24

利用灰色局热决策综合了评价了金刚石钻头的技术经济效益，结合近几年的钻探生产实践和科研成果，经验证和对比，为豫西地区优选钻头提供了参考，也可为其它地区钻头优选提借鉴。  相似文献