两次强降水过程雨滴谱特征及差异     

李侠丽  潘先洁  童应祥  倪婷  黄国贵  李景安  陶杰  姚祎  凌新锋 《气象科技》2019,47(2):322-328

利用寿县观测站内的Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪结合观测站雨量数据及雷达基数据,分析了发生在2015年6月26—30日梅雨期间和2015年8月7—10日超强台风"苏迪罗"影响期间2次强降水过程的雨滴谱结构特征及其差异,拟合了雨强与雷达反射率因子之间的关系。结果表明:雨强的大小直接影响雨滴谱的特征参量,且随着雨强增大而增大;梅雨锋暴雨中1.0mm直径≤1.5mm的粒子所占比例最多,雨强贡献率最大;台风雨中0.75mm直径≤1.0mm的粒子所占比例最多,但1.0mm直径≤1.25mm的粒子对雨强的贡献最大,说明较大粒子对强降水的贡献较大。  相似文献   

一次拖曳型飑线过程雨滴谱演变特征研究          下载免费PDF全文

王俊  刘畅 《山东气象》2019,39(2):43-57

利用Thies激光雨滴谱仪观测资料和CINRAD/SA多普勒雷达观测资料,分析了2017年7月18日一次典型中纬度拖曳型飑线过程不同发展阶段雨滴谱和积分参数的演变特征,主要结果为：1）成熟飑线回波包括对流带、过渡区和拖曳层状云区三部分,对流带前侧不断有对流带生成并合并到主对流带中,使得对流带的前沿具有强的反射率因子,并且有多个雨强大值中心。2）垂直穿过飑线对流带,雨强增加阶段有较少的小粒子（直径小于1 mm）和特大粒子（直径大于5 mm）,以及较低的雨滴浓度和反射率因子,而雨强减弱阶段有较多的小粒子和特大粒子,以及较高的雨滴浓度和反射率因子;飑线加强阶段,雨滴谱有较大的峰值直径（0.44 mm）、较多的大（直径大于3 mm）和特大粒子,而飑线减弱阶段,雨滴谱有较小的峰值直径（0.19 mm）、较少的大粒子。3）对流带、过渡区和层状云降水雨滴谱的Gamma谱三参数N0、μ、λ随雨强增大有明显的分层特征,相同雨强时,对流云和过渡区降水的三参数比层状云降水的数值大;而飑线不同发展阶段、不同降水类型的λ-μ关系具有一致性,二次多项式可以很好地拟合λ-μ关系。4）归一化雨滴谱参数NW和D0的分布可以用来区分对流云和层状云降水,并给出了新的分离线方程;另外,飑线在发展和减弱阶段的雨滴谱特征有明显差异,表明飑线演变过程降水形成的微物理机制发生变化,前期冷云过程有重要影响,而后期暖云过程起主导作用。  相似文献   

94/220 GHz星载雷达双波长比对非球形冰晶云参数敏感性分析     

吴举秀  窦芳丽  安大伟  顾瑜  周青  刘伟 《气象学报》2019,77(3):529-540

利用不同形状冰晶的散射特性,获得了非球形冰晶云的94/220 GHz测云雷达双波长比,探讨了非球形冰晶云的双波长比与云内微物理参数的关系,分析了衰减前后的星载雷达反射率因子及双波长比的垂直廓线。结果表明:（1）双波长比可以反映小到0.1 mm中值尺度的冰粒子,对粒子总数、谱的形状参数不敏感,对粒子大小、形状、云衰减较敏感。（2）雷达灵敏度一定时,星载雷达可测云厚与雷达波长、冰含水量（IWC）的垂直分布、云厚及衰减有关;没有进行衰减订正时,双波长比和衰减有关,冰含水量越大,波长越短,衰减越大,双波长比最大值与可探测云厚有关。两部雷达可探测冰含水量为0.001—0.1 g/m3、厚2 km的冰云;当云厚5 km、冰含水量垂直分布在0.001—0.2 g/m3时,云厚的94%基本可以被220 GHz云雷达探测到。（3）如果两部雷达气象方程中用水的介电因子,测量回波强度应进行介电因子的订正后再计算双波长比。   相似文献   

基于波导结构的紧凑型电介质加载双极化天线研究     

马自龙  褚庆昕 《南京气象学院学报》2019,11(1):17-22

本文提出了一款基于波导结构的紧凑型电介质加载双极化天线.通过采用在传统波导内加载电介质材料的方法,可以有效减小波导尺寸,从而达到天线小型化的目的.针对波导结构口径天线高后瓣辐射的问题,本文提出了一种在波导金属壁上添加矩形槽孔的方法,该方法的原理不同于扼流环结构.相比之下,矩形槽孔具有结构简单、尺寸小、加工方便等优点.通过电磁场全波仿真分析,可以发现所提出的天线具有阻抗带宽宽（大于40%）、增益高（8.6±0.6 dBi）、辐射性能稳定等优点,有很大的潜力,可以应用在如卫星通信等X波段的各种应用场景中.  相似文献   

降水现象仪观测应用评估   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

杜传耀  尹佳莉  李林  伍永学  姜涛 《气象》2019,45(5):730-737

利用2017年9月至2018年8月北京20个站降水现象仪采集数据与人工平行观测数据,对降水现象仪进行了对比评估。结果表明:降水现象仪的缺测率为0.01%,空报率为0.6%,捕获率为93.5%,漏报率为27.9%,错报率为10.0%。从统计结果可知,降水现象仪的缺测率、空报率较低,捕获率较高,体现出设备性能良好的一面,漏报率和错报率偏高,表明设备漏识别和错误识别的情况较多,漏报主要发生在弱降水过程中,错报主要出现在毛毛雨的识别上。设备测量和人工观测降水开始时间一致性较好,终止时间一致性偏差;降水现象仪现存问题:在大雨强时易出现雨滴叠加误识别,在小雨强时识别率会降低,在无降水错误输出降水现象方面缺少质控。  相似文献   

Effect of connecting rain barrels on the storage size reduction     

Yongwon Seo  Nam‐Jeong Choi  Daeryong Park 《水文研究》2012,26(23):3538-3551

In this article, the possibility of sharing rain barrels and the potential benefit of reducing storage size through physical and non‐physical connections of rain barrels in a community are investigated. Using the concepts of homogeneous/heterogeneous users in rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS), two simple cases of a community composed of four prospective users are examined. The first is performed with the users who have the same mean and variance in water demands (homogeneous users), and the second is with the users with different means and variances (heterogeneous users). To take account for the rainfall characteristics in different places, historical records from six cities in the USA are used for storage–reliability–yield analysis. The result indicates that required total storage can be reduced by connecting multiple rain barrels. In addition, a significant difference is found between homogeneous and heterogeneous user groups. Homogeneous users do not achieve a substantial benefit from connecting their rain barrels; these users may even be disadvantaged by sharing. In contrast, heterogeneous users receive benefit by reducing the total required storage. Most benefit is expected between users with maximum difference in mean water demands. The reduction in storage size was as considerable as 37% in this study. The quantity of storage reduction depends on locations and target reliabilities. Knowledge of the benefits and limitations of rain barrel connections can improve RWHS performance through ability to customize a network plan for individual users. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Numerical analysis of frost effects in porous media. Benefits and limits of the finite element poroelasticity formulation     

Stéphane Multon  Alain Sellier  Bernard Perrin 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2012,36(4):438-458

The aim of this paper is to analyse the performance of a finite element formulation usable for predicting the mechanical consequences of frost effects on porous media. It considers the characteristics of porous media and how the frost action can be assessed. The problem is then separated into two parts: thermal and poromechanical calculations. The constitutive equations developed in the framework of poromechanics are presented and the implementation in a usual finite element poroelasticity formulation based on Zuber's method is adopted. An analysis of the time‐step influence on the convergence rate is given and leads us to propose a simple method in order to obtain objectivity of the finite element response and avoid over‐long calculations. Frost effect simulations are carried out on real porous media (two fired clays) as a case study. Although the experimental behaviour of the porous media subjected to frost action is in accordance with some observations, the calculated strains appear to be overestimated compared with measurements. The problem could be largely attributable to the difficulty of assessing permeability evolution during frost development. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A generalized conditional intensity measure approach and holistic ground‐motion selection     

Brendon A. Bradley 《地震工程与结构动力学》2010,39(12):1321-1342

A generalized conditional intensity measure (GCIM) approach is proposed for use in the holistic selection of ground motions for any form of seismic response analysis. The essence of the method is the construction of the multivariate distribution of any set of ground‐motion intensity measures conditioned on the occurrence of a specific ground‐motion intensity measure (commonly obtained from probabilistic seismic hazard analysis). The approach therefore allows any number of ground‐motion intensity measures identified as important in a particular seismic response problem to be considered. A holistic method of ground‐motion selection is also proposed based on the statistical comparison, for each intensity measure, of the empirical distribution of the ground‐motion suite with the ‘target’ GCIM distribution. A simple procedure to estimate the magnitude of potential bias in the results of seismic response analyses when the ground‐motion suite does not conform to the GCIM distribution is also demonstrated. The combination of these three features of the approach make it entirely holistic in that: any level of complexity in ground‐motion selection for any seismic response analysis can be exercised; users explicitly understand the simplifications made in the selected suite of ground motions; and an approximate estimate of any bias associated with such simplifications is obtained. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Influence of pore size and geometry on peat unsaturated hydraulic conductivity computed from 3D computed tomography image analysis     

F. Rezanezhad  W. L. Quinton  J. S. Price  T. R. Elliot  D. Elrick  K. R. Shook 《水文研究》2010,24(21):2983-2994

In organic soils, hydraulic conductivity is related to the degree of decomposition and soil compression, which reduce the effective pore diameter and consequently restrict water flow. This study investigates how the size distribution and geometry of air‐filled pores control the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of peat soils using high‐resolution (45 µm) three‐dimensional (3D) X‐ray computed tomography (CT) and digital image processing of four peat sub‐samples from varying depths under a constant soil water pressure head. Pore structure and configuration in peat were found to be irregular, with volume and cross‐sectional area showing fractal behaviour that suggests pores having smaller values of the fractal dimension in deeper, more decomposed peat, have higher tortuosity and lower connectivity, which influences hydraulic conductivity. The image analysis showed that the large reduction of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity with depth is essentially controlled by air‐filled pore hydraulic radius, tortuosity, air‐filled pore density and the fractal dimension due to degree of decomposition and compression of the organic matter. The comparisons between unsaturated hydraulic conductivity computed from the air‐filled pore size and geometric distribution showed satisfactory agreement with direct measurements using the permeameter method. This understanding is important in characterizing peat properties and its heterogeneity for monitoring the progress of complex flow processes at the field scale in peatlands. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Influences of coupled wind–water processes on suspended sediment grain size: an example from tributaries of the Yellow River / Influences de processus couplés éoliens-hydriques sur la granulométrie des matières en suspension: exemple d'affluents du Fleuve Jaune     

《水文科学杂志》2013,58(5)

Abstract

Some unique coupled wind–water erosion processes exist in the desert-loess transitional zone in the middle Yellow River basin. Based on data from 40 stations on 29 rivers, a study was made on the influence of such processes on suspended sediment grain-size characteristics of the tributaries of the Yellow River. Results show that the percentage of >0.05-mm grain size decreases with the increased annual mean precipitation, but increases with the increase in the annual mean number of sand-dust storm days. The percentage of <0.01-mm grain size increases with the increase in the annual mean precipitation, but decreases with the increase in the annual number of sand-dust storm days. Based on annual mean data from 40 stations, multiple regression equations were established between the percentages of >0.05-mm grain size (r _>0.05) and <0.01-mm grain size (r _<0.01), annual mean precipitation (P _m) and annual mean number of sand-dust storm days (D _ss). On this basis, the relative contributions of the variations in D _ss and P _m to the variation in r _>0.05 and r _<0.01 were estimated. The results indicate that the variation in sand-dust storm frequency exerts greater influences on the variation in grain-size characteristics of suspended load than does the variation in annual mean precipitation. With the increase in the coupled wind–water processes index, expressed by P _m/D _ss, the percentage of >0.05-mm grain size in suspended sediment decreases and the percentage of <0.01-mm grain size increases. With the variation in P _m/D _ss, different combinations of r _>0.05 with r _<0.01 appear, which have some influence on the formation of hyperconcentrated flows. There exist some optimal ratios of coarse to fine fractions in suspended sediment that make sediment concentrations of hyperconcentrated flows the highest. The optimal r _>0.05/r _<0.01 value is related to some range of the index P _m/D _ss. When the P _m/D _ss index falls in this range, the optimum combination of relative coarse with fine sediments in the suspended load appears, and thus results in the peak values of sediment concentration.  相似文献