Wood retention at inclined racks: Effects on flow and local bedload processes     

Isabella Schalko 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(9):2036-2047

Large wood (LW) transport can increase greatly during floods, leading to accumulations at river infrastructures. To mitigate the potential flood hazard, racks are a common method to retain LW upstream of endangered settlements or infrastructures. The majority of LW retention racks consist of vertical bars and, therefore, disrupt bedload transport. It can be hypothesized that inclined racks reduce backwater rise and local scour, as wood will block the upper part of the rack, thereby increasing the open flow cross-section below the accumulation. Flume experiments were conducted under clear water conditions to analyse backwater rise and local scour as a function of (1) rack inclination, (2) hydraulic inflow condition, (3) uniform bed material, and (4) LW volume. In addition, the first experiments were performed under live bed scour conditions to study the effect of bedload transport on local scour and backwater rise. Based on the experiments, backwater rise and local scour decrease with decreasing rack angle to the horizontal. LW predominantly accumulated at the upper part of the rack, leading to an open flow cross-section below the accumulation. The effect of rack angle was included in existing design equations for backwater rise and local scour depth. In addition, the first experiments with bedload transport resulted in smaller backwater rise and local scour depth. This study contributes to an enhanced process understanding of wood retention and bedload transport at rack structures and an improved design of LW retention racks. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Relating the depth of the water table to the depth of weathering     

M.I. Lebedeva  S.L. Brantley 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(9):2167-2178

Weathering of bedrock creates and occludes permeability, affecting subsurface water flow. Often, weathering intensifies above the water table. On the contrary, weathering can also commence below the water table. To explore relationships between weathering and the water table, a simplified weathering model for an eroding hillslope was formulated that takes into account both saturated and unsaturated subsurface water flow (but does not fully account for changes in dissolved gas chemistry). The phreatic line was calculated using solutions to mathematical treatments for both zones. In the model, the infiltration rate at the hill surface sets both the original and the eventual steady-state position of the water table with respect to the weathering reaction front. Depending on parameters, the weathering front can locate either above or below the water table at steady state. Erosion also affects the water table position by changing porosity and permeability even when other hydrological conditions (e.g. hydraulic conductivity of parent material, infiltration rate at the surface) do not change. The total porosity in a hill (water storage capacity) was found to increase with infiltration rate (all else held constant). This effect was diminished by increasing the erosion rate. We also show examples of how the infiltration rate affects the position of the water table and how infiltration rate affects weathering advance. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA  相似文献   

High-latitude dust deposition in snow on the glaciers of James Ross Island,Antarctica     

Jan Kavan  Daniel Nývlt  Kamil Láska  Zbyněk Engel  Michaela Kňažková 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(7):1569-1578

High-latitude dust (HLD) depositions on four glaciers of James Ross Island (the Ulu Peninsula) were analysed. The deposition rate on the selected glaciers varies from 11.8 to 64.0 g m⁻², which is one order of magnitude higher compared to the glaciers in Antarctica or elsewhere in the world. A strong negative relationship between the sediment amount and altitude of a sampling site was found. This is most likely caused by the higher availability of aeolian material in the atmospheric boundary layer. General southerly and south-westerly wind directions over the Ulu Peninsula – with exceptions based on local terrain configuration – help to explain the significantly lower level of sediment deposition on San Jose Glacier and the high level on Triangular Glacier. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrophotometry was used to estimate the relative proportions of the main and trace (lithophile) elements in the sediment samples. Both the sediment amount and the XRF results are analysed in a depth profile at each locality and compared among the glaciers, suggesting long-range transport of fine mineral material from outside James Ross Island. The distribution of aeolian sediment among the glaciers corresponds well with the prevailing wind direction on the Ulu Peninsula. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

强震下混凝土剪力墙受弯模拟及测试实验研究          下载免费PDF全文

戴勤友  张正瑞 《地震工程学报》2020,42(2):337-344

为提高混凝土剪力墙受弯性能计算的准确度,开展强震下混凝土剪力墙受弯性能试验研究。选取1个混凝土剪力墙对比试件和3个测试试件作为研究对象,对试件施加垂直荷载和水平荷载,模拟强烈地震作用力。试验前期准备工作完成后,建立分离式有限元模型,通过计算混凝土在受压和受拉状态下的损伤弹塑性刚度,完成对有限元模型中混凝土塑性损伤分析,在此基础上,计算混凝土剪力墙受弯承载力。利用有限元模型对3个测试试件进行模拟试验,结果表明,强烈地震后3个试件的荷载-位移曲线均与实际位移值接近,且混凝土剪力墙受弯承载力试验结果与实际值的误差在2%以内,表明试验研究方法具有一定的可行性,数值模拟结果较为准确。  相似文献   

基于表层岩土渗透对三峡井网井水位降雨影响的精准分析          下载免费PDF全文

周洋  吴艳霞  罗棋  李查玮 《地震工程学报》2020,42(2):460-467,528

为研究三峡井网表层岩土渗透对井水位降雨的影响,采取井区表层岩土垂向渗透性测试方法试验,测得表层岩土垂向渗透性,并建立数学模型,用于降雨渗入补给分析。在此模型基础上,通过三峡井网8口井水位、气象三要素的对比观测资料对井水位日动态、月动态、年动态的影响进行精准分析与验证。结果表明:这种影响的特征是相当复杂的,同一个降雨过程在不同井上产生的影响特征不同,这一方面可能与各井的水文地质条件不同有关,另一方面可能还与各井点的降雨过程的差异也有关。  相似文献   

The influence of channel morphology on bedload path lengths: Insights from a survival process model     

Conor McDowell  Marwan A. Hassan 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(12):2982-2997

Tracer studies are a commonly used tool to develop and test Einstein-type stochastic bedload transport models. The movements of these tracers are controlled by many factors including grain characteristics, hydrologic forcing, and channel morphology. Although the influence of these sediment storage zones related to morphological features (e.g., bars, pools, riffles) have long been observed to “trap” bedload particles in transport, this influence has not been adequately quantified. In this paper we explore the influence of channel morphology on particle travel distances through the development of a Bayesian survival process model. This model simulates particle path length distributions using a location-specific “trapping probability” parameter (p_i ), which is estimated using the starting and ending locations of bedload tracers. We test this model using a field tracer study from Halfmoon Creek, Colorado. We find that (1) the model is able to adequately recreate the observed multi-modal path length distributions, (2) particles tend to accumulate in trapping zones, especially during large floods, and (3) particles entrained near a trapping zone will travel a shorter distance than one that is further away. Particle starting positions can affect path lengths by as much as a factor of two, which we confirm by modelling “starting-location-specific” path length probability distributions. This study highlights the importance of considering both tracer locations and channel topography in examinations of field tracer studies. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

垂直地电场观测新技术的数据研究——基于坪城观测点的分析          下载免费PDF全文

周卫东  牛延平  叶青  田野  苏小芸  王娟 《地震工程学报》2020,42(4):914-918

结合同台观测的水平地电场数据,研究坪城垂直地电场观测数据,结果表明:(1)采用固体不极化电极进行垂直地电场观测,同一极距的观测结果基本一致,而铅板电极与固体不极化电极之间存在较大的电位差;(2)垂直地电场日变化形态清晰,长极距测道(A1C1、A2C1和A3C1测道)日变幅为5.85 mV/km左右,短极距(B1C1、B2C1和B3C1测道)日变幅为10.02 mV/km左右;(3)垂直向观测的地电场日变化优势周期在12 h和24 h。  相似文献   

考虑尺寸效应的近海桥梁天然橡胶隔震支座力学性能老化时变规律研究          下载免费PDF全文

李艳敏  马玉宏  赵桂峰 《世界地震工程》2020,(4):169-177

目前天然橡胶支座（NRB）的性能研究大多未考虑尺寸效应,在前期开展的近海桥梁隔震支座和材料老化时变规律研究的基础上,同时考虑支座直径尺寸变化和老化作用时间的影响对NRB的性能进行研究。首先采用ABAQUS有限元软件对不同直径尺寸NRB的性能进行分析,得到了NRB性能随直径尺寸的变化规律;然后结合前期老化作用对NRB及其橡胶材料性能时变规律的影响研究成果,分析了直径尺寸及老化作用时间共同作用下,NRB性能的变化规律,并通过ABAQUS有限元分析,验证了该变化规律的准确性。结果表明:NRB的水平刚度和竖向刚度均随其直径尺寸的增大呈正比例增大趋势;NRB水平刚度比和竖向刚度比均随老化作用时间的增长呈线性增大趋势;且直径为150mm的NRB在实际环境老化60a后,其水平刚度和竖向刚度的增长幅度分别为:30.8%和16.41%,由此可见老化作用时间对NRB水平刚度的影响较显著,对其竖向刚度的影响较小。研究内容可为隔震桥梁结构中支座缩尺模型试验的相关设计提供参考,并为将实验室缩尺橡胶隔震支座的相关成果较好地应用于实际工程计算及设计中提供依据。  相似文献   

江宁台多孔垂向地电阻率观测试验     

樊晓春  沈红会  李伟  夏忠  吴帆  袁慎杰 《地震》2020,40(4):144-155

为了提高地电阻率观测抑制地铁干扰的能力, 江宁台新建了多孔垂向地电阻率观测。 在观测中探讨完善了装置系数计算方法, 解决了缺数问题, 并通过比较同测区井下和垂向地电阻率观测数据, 得出如下结论: ① 垂向观测由于布极方式较为特殊, 其年变化幅度大于井下地电阻率观测同等极距; ② 与井下地电阻率观测相比, 垂向地电阻率观测信噪比更高, 具备更好的抗地铁干扰能力, 以期为地电观测抗干扰的方法和技术应用提供基础; ③ 垂向地电阻率观测建设中, 可能需要重视电极的位置固定。  相似文献   

中国东北及邻区竖直向地震动强度包络函数参数的确定及其衰减关系     

张美玲  张天雷  杜秋男  张永刚  王建勋  高东辉 《地震地磁观测与研究》2020,41(4):11-17

选用2008—2019年中国东北及邻区27次地震竖直向105条强震动记录,以三段式强度包络函数模型为目标,利用加权最小二乘回归方法,尝试建立了东北及邻区竖直向地震动时程强度包络函数参数的衰减公式,以使我国的地震动区域划分更具有普遍性。同以往的研究类似,上升段持时t₁和平稳段持时t_s的确定方法采用了70%能量持时法。所选地震的震级为3.3—5.8级,最大震中距为371 km。基于土层场地的竖直向记录,通过与我国目前常用的时程强度包络函数参数的衰减关系进行对比分析发现,t₁与震级之间有明显的相关性,实际应用中应考虑震级对t₁的影响;地震整体持时较短造成t_s上升趋势随距离的增加而变缓;下降段由衰减系数c的变化可见,记录整体衰减较快。  相似文献