风沙物理学中两个焦点问题研究现状与未来研究思路刍议   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  

丁国栋 《中国沙漠》2008,28(3):395-398

风沙物理学经过数十年的发展与完善,可以说基本上自成体系。但由于学科的起步较晚,加之现象的复杂性,目前仍有很多重要的理论问题没能彻底解决,至少还未达成共识,成为学术界长期以来争论的焦点,从而影响了学科的继续发展。对“沙粒起动机制”和“风成沙纹的形成机理”两个焦点问题在进行研究现状剖析的基础上,浅析未来研究思路。提出沙粒起动主要驱动力是驻点升力的观点,以空气动力学理论为基础的沙粒起动机制研究将是未来该领域的发展趋势;关于沙纹的形成,认为沙粒粒径的不均匀性以及所导致的非平衡运动是前提和基础,风沙流运动过程中类似左右沙丘运动的蚀积转换规律是使沙纹能够维持其稳定形态的必要条件,而沙纹有规律、整齐划一的分布与排列可能与背风面气流小尺度的涡流有关。  相似文献   

Coeval strombolian and vulcanian-type explosive eruptions at Panarea (Aeolian Islands,Southern Italy)     

C. Cimarelli  D. De RitaD. Dolfi  M. Procesi 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2008

In this paper, we document the evolution of the emergent Panarea dome in the Aeolian islands (Southern Italy), placing particular emphasis on the reconstruction of the explosive events that occurred during the final stage of its evolution. Two main pyroclastic successions exposing fall deposits with different compositions have been studied into detail: the andesitic Palisi succession and the basaltic Punta Falcone succession. The close-in-time deposition of the two successions, the dispersal area and grain-size distribution of the deposits account for their attribution to vents located in the western sector of the present island and erupting almost contemporaneously. Vents could have been aligned along NNE-trending regional fracture systems controlling the western flank of the dome and possibly its collapse. Laboratory analyses have been devoted to the characterization of the products of the two successions that have been ascribed to vulcanian- and to strombolian-type eruptions respectively. The vulcanian eruption started with a vent-clearing phase that occurred by sudden decompression of a pressurized magma producing ballistic bombs and a surge blast and the development of a vulcanian plume. Vulcanian activity was almost contemporaneous to strombolian-type fall-out eruptions. The coeval occurrence of basaltic and andesitic eruptions from close vents and the presence of magmatic basaltic enclaves in the final dacitic lava lobe of the dome allow us to speculate that the intrusion of a basaltic dyke played a major role in triggering explosive eruptions. The final explosive episodes may have been caused by extensional tectonics fracturing the roof of a zoned shallow magma chamber or by the intrusion of a new basaltic magma into a more acidic and shallow reservoir. Intrusion most likely occurred through the injection of dykes along the western cliff of the present Panarea Island inducing the collapse of the western sector of the dome.  相似文献   

中国风沙物理研究五十年(Ⅰ)   总被引：60，自引：33，他引：27  

董治宝 《中国沙漠》2005,25(3):293-305

2005年中国沙漠研究已经走过了50a的历程,作为沙漠科学重要组成部分的风沙物理学研究在中国亦有50a的历史了。本文较为详细地全面回顾了20世纪50年代中后期至90年代后期中国科学院知识创新工程实施之前我国风沙物理研究所做的主要工作和取得的成就,以期对相关的研究者有所帮助。这一时期的工作可以分为两个阶段。20世纪50年代中后期至60年代中期为理论准备和野外观测积累阶段,引进西方和前苏联在风沙物理学方面的研究成果,配合我国防沙治沙实践的需要开展野外观测研究。研究手段以大面积考察、半定位试验观测和定位试验为主。研究成果体现在风沙移动规律的初步认识、沙丘移动规律、中国沙丘活动的总体规律、防沙措施的布设原则和风沙运动理论的初步探讨等几个方面。1967年我国第一个风沙环境风洞建成使用,使风沙物理学的实验研究成为可能。自20世纪80年代开始同时向微观领域深入和向宏观领域扩展,风沙颗粒运动学、风沙流、风沙地貌动力、土壤风蚀和防沙原理等风沙物理学的主要领域得到了全面发展,在一些前沿探索领域亦有重要成就。  相似文献   

罗马尼亚Mircea Voda剖面黄土粒度特征及其成因指示   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

年秀清  韩凤清  韩继龙  毛庆飞  郭晖 《盐湖研究》2018,26(3):20-25

Mircea Voda剖面是欧洲典型的黄土剖面之一,本文对Mircea Voda黄土剖面序列S0-S3进行了系统的粒度分析,并与中国黄土高原典型的黄土剖面洛川剖面、西峰剖面等进行了对比研究。结果显示,黄土粒度组成以粒径为4μm-63μm粉砂为主,其平均含量为78. 22%,呈现出风成成因的基本特征,且不同深度样品的粒度组成具有较高的均一性,显示该区黄土具有相同的物质来源。粒度频率曲线呈现为以突出的第一众数20μm～35μm,分选较好的单峰正偏态分布特征,说明粉尘在沉积之前经过了充分的混合。粒级主要组分集中在粗粒端,但在细粒端1μm附近存在第2个分量,这种特征与中国黄土高原黄土的粒度特征十分相似。计算得沉积物环境判别参数Y值均小于-2. 741 1,通过与水成沉积物判别值Y的比较,进一步证实了Mircea Voda剖面黄土为风成成因特征。  相似文献   

风成沉积物磁组构与中国黄土区第四纪风向变化   总被引：12，自引：4，他引：12       下载免费PDF全文

吴汉宁  岳乐平 《地球物理学报》1997,40(4):487-494

通过对黄土高原几个剖面黄土样品磁化率各向异性的初步研究，发现了风成沉积物中的磁组构特征，且它的形成受沉积作用控制并与黄土高原形成时的古风场有关，即风成沉积物磁化率椭球体主轴方向及各轴比值与磁性颗粒分布排列方式亦即与空气动力条件相关．阐明了风成沉积物磁组构形成机制及其与古风向的关系，提出一种能够定量研究黄土高原形成时古风场的方法，为研究黄土高原形成演化和第四纪以来气候变化提供了基础数据．  相似文献   

Three-dimensional bounding surface architecture and lateral facies heterogeneity of a wet aeolian system: Entrada Sandstone,Utah     

Evan C. Gross  Mary Carr  Zane R. Jobe 《Sedimentology》2023,70(1):145-178

Aeolian deposits form noteworthy reservoirs (for example, Norphlet Formation and Rotliegend Group) in hydrocarbon extraction and carbon capture and storage contexts, but stratigraphic architecture imparts significant heterogeneity. Bounding surfaces result from autogenic and allogenic controls and can represent important changes in dune-field dynamics. To further evaluate the impacts of facies heterogeneity and flow-inhibiting bounding surfaces on reservoir performance and reconstruct ancient erg evolution, the stratigraphic architecture of aeolian systems must continue to be studied at multiple scales. This study pairs traditional methods (for example, measured stratigraphic sections) with advanced technologies (for example, drone-derived outcrop models) to precisely resolve the metre to kilometre-scale three-dimensional stratigraphic architecture of wet aeolian Middle Jurassic Entrada Sandstone outcrops located at Rone Bailey Mesa near Moab, Utah, USA. Five facies are identified, primarily based on sedimentary fabrics, and are grouped into three associations named dune, sabkha and sand sheet. Statistical analyses of gamma-ray spectrometer and automated mineralogy data indicate a distinct mineralogical difference between dune (quartz-rich) and sabkha (more feldspathic) packages, suggesting that gamma-ray logs may be used to better predict facies distribution in the subsurface. Seven modelled super bounding surfaces are planar to undulatory, with no perceived spatial trends. Five modelled interdune migration surfaces are undulatory but exhibit an average 0.09° angle of climb roughly parallel to the palaeocurrent direction. Two modelled superposition surfaces are linear to sinuous in plan-view. Laterally discontinuous sabkha packages observed are interpreted to be remnants of closed, damp, interdune flats located between ca 8.5 to 17.0 m tall, sinuous, transverse bedforms or patches of such bedforms. Based on stratigraphic architecture interpretations, the Entrada Sandstone preserves signals of allogenic forcing and localized autogenic bedform cannibalization of the substrate. The findings of this study, some of which are not commonly recognized in wet aeolian facies models, enhance the understanding of erg evolution and can parameterize static models of aeolian reservoirs.  相似文献   

Abrasion-derived sediments under intensified winds at the latest Pleistocene leading edge of the advancing Sinai-Negev erg     

Yehouda Enzel  Rivka Amit  Onn Crouvi  Naomi Porat 《Quaternary Research》2010,74(1):121-482

Quaternary desert loess and sandstone-loessite relationships in the geological record raise questions regarding causes and mechanisms of silt formation and accretion. In the northern Sinai-Negev desert carbonate terrain, only sand abrasion in active erg could have produced the large quantities of quartzo-feldspathic silts constituting the late Quaternary northwestern Negev loess. In the continuum of source (medium to fine sand of dunes) to sink (silts in loess) the very fine sand is unaccounted for in the record. This weakens the sand abrasion model of silt formation as a global process. Here, we demonstrate that, as predicted by experiments, abrasion by advancing dunes generated large quantities of very fine sand (60-110 μm) deposited within the dune field and in close proximity downwind. This very fine sand was generated 13-11 ka, possibly synchronous with the Younger Dryas under gusty sand/dust storms in the southeastern Mediterranean and specifically in the northern Sinai-Negev erg. These very fine sands were washed down slope and filled small basins blocked by the advancing dunes; outside these sampling basins it is difficult to identify these sands as a distinct product. We conclude that ergs are mega-grinders of sand into very fine sand and silt under windy Quaternary and ancient aeolian desert environments.  相似文献   

毛乌素沙漠风积砂力学特性室内试验研究     

宋焱勋  彭建兵  王治军  李喜安  赵兴考 《工程地质学报》2010,18(6):894-899

在对毛乌素沙漠风积砂物理特性进行试验研究的基础上,通过室内击试验、压缩试验及三轴剪切试验,对毛乌素沙漠风积砂的力学特性进行了初步研究。结果表明:毛乌素沙漠风积砂击实特性与粉、黏性土有较大的差异,在干燥和最佳含水率状态下易于击实,击实曲线呈双峰形态;压缩试验表明毛乌素沙漠风积砂一般属于低压缩性土,其压缩特性与试样初始密度、含水率、荷载级别及加载条件有关;三轴剪切试验表明毛乌素沙漠风积砂抗剪强度指标受试样密度的影响较大,虽然含水率对抗剪强度指标有一定影响且具有一定规律性,但影响程度并不明显。本文相关成果为解决该区风积砂相关岩土工程问题和工程地质问题提供了可靠的试验依据。  相似文献   

线形沙丘的风沙沉积特征与内部构造   总被引：4，自引：4，他引：4  

钱征宇  刘守勤 《中国沙漠》1994,14(3):25-30

本文介绍了线形沙丘不同部位风沙沉积物的粒度特征、易溶盐含量特征和颗粒形态特征，通过现场全断面开挖线形沙丘剖面，对线形沙丘的内部构造进行了观测，结合研究地区的风信资料，对线形沙丘的风沙堆积过程进行了初步分析研究。  相似文献   

Sonic anemometers in aeolian sediment transport research   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

J. H. van Boxel  G. Sterk  S. M. Arens   《Geomorphology》2004,59(1-4):131

Fast-response wind and turbulence instruments, including sonic anemometers, are used more and more in aeolian sediment transport research. These instruments give information on mean wind, but also on fluctuations and turbulent statistics, such as the uw covariance, which is a direct measure of Reynolds' stress (RS) and friction velocity. This paper discusses the interpretation of sonic anemometer data, the transformations needed to get proper results and turbulence spectra, and how they are influenced by instrument size, sampling frequency, and measurement height.Turbulence spectra characterize how much the different frequencies in the turbulent signals contribute to the variance of wind speed, or to the covariance of horizontal and vertical wind speed. They are important in determining the measurement strategy when working with fast-response instruments, such as sonic anemometers, and are useful for interpreting the measurement results. Choices on the type of sonic anemometer, observation height, sampling period, sampling frequency, and filtering can be made on the basis of expected high and low-frequency losses in turbulent signals, which are affected by those variables, as well as wind speed and atmospheric stability.Friction velocity and RS, important variables in aeolian sediment transport research, are very sensitive to tilt or slope errors. During a field experiment, the slope sensitivity of the RS was established as 9% per degree of slope, which is 1.5 times the value reported in literature on the basis of theoretical considerations. An important reason for the difference probably is the large influence of streamline curvature on turbulence statistics and thereby on the slope sensitivity of the RS. An error of 9% per degree of slope in the RS will translate into an error of approximately 4% per degree of slope in the calculated friction velocity.Space–time correlation of the horizontal wind speed is much larger than that of the vertical wind speed and the instantaneous RS. This largely explains why, in previous studies, a poor correlation was found between instantaneous RS measured at 3 m height and saltation flux near the surface, whereas the correlation between wind speed at some height and saltation flux was much better. Therefore, the poor correlation between RS away from the surface and saltation flux does not contradict that saltation flux is caused by RS.  相似文献