High-Resolution Hindcast of Record-Breaking Rainfall in Beijing and Impact of Topography          下载免费PDF全文

YU En-Tao  SUN Jian-Qi  XIANG Wei-Ling 《大气和海洋科学快报》2013,6(5):253-258

In this paper,a hindcast study of the record-breaking rainfall event occurring in Beijing on 21July 2012,is conducted by using the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model forced by National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)Global Forecasting System(GFS)outputs,paired with an investigation of the impact of topography in this region.The results indicate that WRF can reasonably predict the salient features of orographic precipitation;the 24-h rainfall amount and spatial distribution compare reasonably well with the observations.The hindcast simulation also indicates that rainfall events can be predicted approximately 36 h ahead.When the topography is removed,the spatial distribution of rainfall changes remarkably,suggesting the importance of the topography in determining rainfall structure.These results also indicate that prediction of such city-scale heavy rainfall events would benefit from a high-resolution prediction system.  相似文献   

浙西南热带气旋强降水主要影响因子     

林巧燕  郭品文  周国华  江剑霞 《气象科技》2013,41(1):121-125

对1950-2010年影响浙西南的热带气旋降水的移动路径、影响时间、强度、西风槽、西南季风以及地形等主要因子进行分析.结果表明:在玉环南-厦门一带登陆的热带气旋是影响浙西南的热带气旋中正面影响浙西南的类型,影响时间和最大平均过程降雨量、最大过程雨量存在着正相关关系,热带气旋的强度与其降水强度相关性较高.西风槽的存在不仅影响着热带气旋路径的变化,其槽前的西南气流也为热带气旋降水提供充足的水汽,同时槽后冷空气与热带气旋相结合,使丽水的西北部出现另一个强降水中心.西南季风为登陆后的热带气旋提供了水汽条件,使降水得到增幅.浙西南独特的地形,使在厦门以北到玉环以南登陆后西进、西北行或西北行后在120°E以西转向北上的热带气旋迎着山脉进入,降水强度明显加强.  相似文献   

Topography and Geoid Undulations Caused By Small-Scale Convection Beneath Continental Lithosphere of Variable Elastic Thickness   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Gabriele Marquart  Harro Schmeling 《Geophysical Journal International》1989,97(3):511-527

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On different types of adjustment usable to calculate the parameters of the stream power law     

Alain Demoulin  Arnaud BeckersBenoît Bovy 《Geomorphology》2012,138(1):203-208

Model parameterization through adjustment to field data is a crucial step in the modeling and the understanding of the drainage network response to tectonic or climatic perturbations. Using as a test case a data set of 18 knickpoints that materialize the migration of a 0.7-Ma-old erosion wave in the Ourthe catchment of northern Ardennes (western Europe), we explore the impact of various data fitting on the calibration of the stream power model of river incision, from which a simple knickpoint celerity equation is derived. Our results show that statistical least squares adjustments (or misfit functions) based either on the stream-wise distances between observed and modeled knickpoint positions at time t or on differences between observed and modeled time at the actual knickpoint locations yield significantly different values for the m and K parameters of the model. As there is no physical reason to prefer one of these approaches, an intermediate least-rectangles adjustment might at first glance appear as the best compromise. However, the statistics of the analysis of 200 sets of synthetic knickpoints generated in the Ourthe catchment indicate that the time-based adjustment is the most capable of getting close to the true parameter values. Moreover, this fitting method leads in all cases to an m value lower than that obtained from the classical distance adjustment (for example, 0.75 against 0.86 for the real case of the Ourthe catchment), corresponding to an increase in the non-linear character of the dependence of knickpoint celerity on discharge.  相似文献   

Geomorphology of coal seam fires     

Claudia Kuenzer  Glenn B. Stracher 《Geomorphology》2012,138(1):209-222

Coal fires occur in underground natural coal seams, in exposed surface seams, and in coal storage or waste piles. The fires ignite through spontaneous combustion or natural or anthropogenic causes. They are reported from China, India, USA, South Africa, Australia, and Russia, as well as many other countries. Coal fires lead to loss of a valuable resource (coal), the emission of greenhouse-relevant and toxic gases, and vegetation deterioration. A dangerous aspect of the fires is the threat to local mines, industries, and settlements through the volume loss underground. Surface collapse in coal fire areas is common. Thus, coal fires are significantly affecting the evolution of the landscape. Based on more than a decade of experience with in situ mapping of coal fire areas worldwide, a general classification system for coal fires is presented. Furthermore, coal seam fire geomorphology is explained in detail. The major landforms associated with, and induced by, these fires are presented. The landforms include manifestations resulting from bedrock surface fracturing, such as fissures, cracks, funnels, vents, and sponges. Further manifestations resulting from surface bedrock subsidence include sinkholes, trenches, depressions, partial surface subsidence, large surface subsidence, and slides. Additional geomorphologic coal fire manifestations include exposed ash layers, pyrometamorphic rocks, and fumarolic minerals. The origin, evolution, and possible future development of these features are explained, and examples from in situ surveys, as well as from high-resolution satellite data analyses, are presented. The geomorphology of coal fires has not been presented in a systematic manner. Knowledge of coal fire geomorphology enables the detection of underground coal fires based on distinct surface manifestations. Furthermore, it allows judgments about the safety of coal fire-affected terrain. Additionally, geomorphologic features are indicators of the burning stage of fires. Finally, coal fire geomorphology helps to explain landscape features whose occurrence would otherwise not be understood. Although coal fire-induced thermal anomalies and gas release are also indications of coal fire activity, as addressed by many investigators, no assessment is complete without sound geomorphologic mapping of the fire-induced geomorphologic features.  相似文献   

月球Airy均衡状态与月壳厚度估计   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

丰海  李建成  李大炜  张守建  刘志勇 《测绘学报》2012,41(4):543-548

月球水准面异常和表面地形变化是其内部密度不均匀和各个界面的起伏变化的体现,因此利用水准面和地形之比(geoid to topography ratio,GTR)可估计月球均衡和月壳厚度。本文基于月球重力场模型SGM100h和地形模型STM359_grid-02,经过去除表面玄武岩填充和深层异常质量影响,并结合理论Airy均衡模型中GTR与参考月壳厚度的关系,计算得到了新的月壳厚度模型。该模型的月壳平均厚度为36.9 km,背面比正面平均厚约13.5 km,Apollo12/14登陆点的月壳厚度分别是28.3 km和29.1 km。在各月海盆地存在着中央较薄、四周逐渐增厚的趋势。  相似文献   

一次暴雪过程地形方案的敏感性试验研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

张凯  何宏让  肖辉 《气象科学》2009,29(6):815-820

利用WRF模式中提供的包络地形、轮廓地形和平均地形方案对2005年12月20-21日的山东暴雪过程进行数值模拟.结果表明:地形方案与降雪的时空分布有很大的相关性,地形越接近实际地形,降雪的时空分布越接近实况;降雪过程中有明显的中尺度重力波活动,降雪的峰值滞后于重力波的波峰;重力波受地形影响很大,地形越不平滑,重力波的强度越强、移速越慢;当重力波的强度较强时,降雪峰值滞后于波峰的时间差也较长.  相似文献   

A Diagnostic and Numerical Study on a Rainstorm in South China Induced by a Northward-Propagating Tropical System   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

ZHAO Yuchun  LI Zechun  XIAO Ziniu 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2008,22(3):284-302

A strong cyclonic wind perturbation generated in the northern South China Sea （SCS） moved northward quickly and developed into a mesoscale vortex in southwest Guangdong Province, and then merged with a southward-moving shear line from mid latitudes in the period of 21-22 May 2006, during which three strong mesoscale convective systems （MCSs） formed and brought about torrential rain or even cloudburst in South China. With the 1° ×1° NCEP （National Centers for Environment Prediction） reanalysis data and the Weather and Research Forecast （WRF） mesoscale model, a numerical simulation, a potential vorticity inversion analysis, and some sensitivity experiments are carried out to reveal the formation mechanism of this rainfall event. In the meantime, conventional observations, satellite images, and the WRF model outputs are also utilized to perform a preliminary dynamic and thermodynamic diagnostic analysis of the rainstorm systems. It is found that the torrential rain occurred in favorable synoptic conditions such as warm and moist environment, low lifting condensation level, and high convective instability. The moisture transport by strong southerly winds associated with the rapid northward advance of the cyclonic wind perturbation over the northern SCS provided the warm and moist condition for the formation of the excessive rain. Under the dynamic steering of a southwesterly flow ahead of a north trough and that on the southwest side of the West Pacific subtropical high, the mesoscale vortex （or the cyclonic wind perturbation）, after its genesis, moved northward and brought about enormous rain in most parts of Guangdong Province through providing certain lifting forcing for the triggering of mesoscale convection. During the development of the mesoscale vortex, heavy rainfall was to a certain extent enhanced by the mesoscale topography of the Yunwu Mountain in Guangdong. The effect of the Yunwu Mountain is found to vary under different prevailing wind directions and intensities. The location o  相似文献   

江西省一次冷空气过程中的灰霾天气过程分析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

肖安  徐星生  卢敏 《气象科技》2010,38(1):49-52

利用江西省常规气象观测资料、探空站资料和空气污染资料,对2008年12月12～13日江西省的一次大范围灰霾天气过程进行了综合分析研究。结果表明:横槽转竖引导冷空气南下和中层高度的干燥暖舌共同影响,是这次灰霾天气过程发生的天气形势背景;冷空气受到700hPa干暖舌的抑制作用,形成低层偏冷,中层偏暖的"逆温"结构,导致了大范围的灰霾天气过程出现、维持;空气相对湿度较低,受昼夜温差和冷空气的共同影响,造成轻雾和灰霾天气之间频繁转换;较低的混合层高度导致近地面污染物以水平运动为主,在遇到较高海拔的山脉阻挡后,沿山脉边缘向东西方向扩展,汇集到平原、河谷地区,降低这些地区的能见度,导致灰霾区域由"南北向型"演变成了"东西向型"。  相似文献   

Simulation of Tsaoling landslide, Taiwan, based on Saint Venant equations over general topography     

C.Y. Kuo  Y.C. Tai  F. Bouchut  A. Mangeney  M. Pelanti  R.F. Chen  K.J. Chang 《Engineering Geology》2009,104(3-4):181-189

The 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake triggered the catastrophic Tsaoling landslide in Taiwan. The geomorphological change measured from the data of the 1989 and 2000 aerial photos reveals that the scar and deposit volumes are about 0.126 km³ and 0.15 km³ respectively. The debris material ran over a distance of 1.6 km with 500 m descent in elevation. In this paper, we use the continuum model of hydraulic flow, SHALTOP^2D, based on the equations of Bouchut and Westdickenberg to simulate numerically the landslide dynamics. When the mass is moving, the flow is assumed hydrostatic with a basal Coulomb friction. The best fit is obtained using the basal friction angle equal to 6°, the only parameter of the simulation, uniformly applied in the calculation domain. The landslide front reaches the Chinshui river valley, the foothill of the slope, within only about 25 s after initiation and the motion settles in about 113 s. The maximum speed is estimated 75 m/s. The spreading of the deposit agrees well with the field measurement.  相似文献