The international legal framework for the management of the global oceans social-ecological system     

《Marine Policy》2016

This paper evaluates the international agreements in place for the protection of the environment and the regulation of human activities taking place in world's oceans and seas. 500 multilateral agreements were reviewed against a framework of reference, grounded on the theoretical approaches of Adaptive Management and Transition Management. According to this framework, oceans complex systems management should: (1) consider the global oceans as a Social-Ecological System (SES); (2) aim to achieve or maintain their ecological resilience; and (3) implement iterative, learning-based management strategies, supported by science-based advice to policy and management. The results show that the present international legal framework for the global oceans does not require countries to adopt an adaptive, complex systems approach for global oceans ecological resilience. Instead, this study supports the perspective of a double fragmentation among international agreements. First, global agreements focus on issue-based objectives for determined human activities, ecological components or anthropogenic pressures. Second, regional agreements have a wider scope, but also a varying level of inclusion of ecological resilience considerations. There is the need to foster the inclusion of such an approach into existing and future international agreements and their implementation, including through soft-law, project-based initiatives at global and regional scales.  相似文献   

Rainfall flood hazard at nuclear power plants in India     

Pramod Kumar Sharma 《Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards》2018,12(3):218-233

Flood hazard evaluation is an important input for Nuclear Power Plants external events safety studies. In the present study, flood hazard at various nuclear sites in India due to rainfall has been evaluated. Hazard estimation is a statistical procedure by which rainfall intensity versus occurrence frequency is estimated from historical records of rainfall data and extrapolated with asymptotic extreme value distribution. Rainfall data needed for flood hazard assessment are daily annual maximum rainfall (24?h data). The observed data points have been fitted using Gumbel, power law and exponential distribution, and return period has been estimated. To study the stationarity of rainfall data, a moving window estimate of the parameters has been performed. The rainfall pattern is stationary in both coastal and inland regions over the period of observation. The coastal regions show intense rainfall and higher variability than inland regions. Based on the plant layout, catchment area and drainage capacity, the prototype fast breeder reactor (PFBR) site is unlikely to be flooded.  相似文献   

高寒区抽水融冰渠道水温沿程衰减规律——以红山嘴水电站为例   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

郑铁刚  宗全利  孙双科  吴素杰 《水科学进展》2018,29(5):667-676

抽水融冰技术是解决高寒区引水式电站冬季运行冰害问题的有效措施之一。为研究抽水融冰对电站引水渠道冬季引水的水温控制规律,以红山嘴水电站为例,基于RNG κ-ε模型数值模拟研究结果,从热流量比角度探讨了渠道水温沿程衰减规律,并采用2013年2月和2014年1月原型观测结果进行了验证。结果表明:渠道水温沿程衰减过程可分为骤降段、过渡段和缓降段3部分,各段范围受外界条件控制;衰减曲线呈幂函数分布,相关系数达到98%;对比气温对渠温沿程衰减的影响表明,随着大气温度的降低,渠道水温沿程衰减速度明显加快;-10 ℃为水温衰减过程变化转折点,当气温高于-10 ℃时,可以近似认为渠温衰减规律一致,渠温沿程变化主要受到热流量比值影响;低于-10 ℃时,气温对渠道水温沿程变化影响显著。  相似文献   

Revisiting the death of geography in the era of Big Data: the friction of distance in cyberspace and real space   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Su Yeon Han  Keith C. Clarke 《International Journal of Digital Earth》2018,11(5):451-469

Many scholars have argued that the importance of geographic proximity in human interactions has been diminished by the use of the Internet, while others disagree with this argument. Studies have noted the distance decay effect in both cyberspace and real space, showing that interactions occur with an inverse relationship between the number of interactions and the distance between the locations of the interactors. However, these studies rarely provide strong evidence to show the influence of distance on interactions in cyberspace, nor do they quantify the differences in the amount of friction of distance between cyberspace and real space. To fill this gap, this study used massive amounts of social media data (Twitter) to compare the influence of distance decay on human interactions between cyberspace and real space in a quantitative manner. To estimate the distance decay effect in both cyberspace and real space, the distance decay function of interactions in each space was modeled. Estimating the distance decay in cyberspace in this study can help predict the degree of information flow across space through social media. Measuring how far ideas can be diffused through social media is useful for users of location-based services, policy advocates, public health officials, and political campaigners.  相似文献   

落石冲击混凝土板与缓冲层组合结构的动力响应          下载免费PDF全文

吴建利  胡卸文  梅雪峰  许泽鹏  罗刚  韩玫 《水文地质工程地质》2021,48(1):78-87

钢筋混凝土（RC）板与一定厚度的土颗粒缓冲层组合结构被广泛用于山区高位单体及群发性崩塌落石的防治,为研究此类防护结构在落石作用下的冲击力衰减规律及RC板的破坏模式,开展了室外系列落石冲击试验。结果表明,增大缓冲层厚度能够有效减小最大冲击力,峰值加速度随缓冲层厚度减小而增大,尤其在缓冲层厚度为0.1 m及0.2 m时,最大值急剧增大,峰值加速度与缓冲层厚度的变化满足指数函数关系;根据量纲分析原理得到缓冲层最大冲击深度与动能的平方成正比、与最大入射冲击力成反比的计算公式,且与实测值较吻合;入射冲击力在缓冲层内的衰减率随缓冲层厚度的增加以指数函数递增,在0.6 m缓冲层厚度下可使峰值冲击力衰减70%左右;随累积冲击能级的增大,RC板经历了弯曲起裂及扩展、次级弯曲裂纹和剪裂纹产生及跨中弯曲裂纹贯通的过程,试验结束时RC板整体表现出典型的弯曲破坏特征。  相似文献   

贵州三都排正金矿床成矿元素赋存规律及成矿潜力评价          下载免费PDF全文

姜伟  令狐东  宫学智 《地质找矿论丛》2021,36(2):152-158

贵州三都—丹寨Hg-Au-Sb成矿带大地构造位于扬子克拉通黔南台陷与华南褶皱带西缘交界处,成矿带内断裂构造极其复杂,矿体延伸、展布明显受构造控制。排正金矿床位于该成矿带中南段,对其成矿有利靶区进行成矿元素地球化学样品分析,探讨成矿元素相关性和赋存状态,反演成矿机制。分析结果显示:(1)矿石中Au元素与As、Pb+Zn、Hg元素均具有正相关性,与Mo元素相关性不强;As元素与Hg、Pb+Zn、Mo元素均具有正相关性,表明矿床内载金矿物主要为毒砂。(2)该金矿床成矿物质主要来源于深部高温含矿岩浆热液,在热液沿构造断裂上移过程中萃取古老地层中成矿元素,As离子作为活化剂,在还原环境下富集成矿。(3)排正金矿床为一处以Au、Pb、Zn金属元素为主的多金属矿床,应加大对伴生Hg、Mo等金属元素的含矿性评价。  相似文献   

柴达木盆地大柴旦地区地下水水化学特征及演化规律     

张景涛  史浙明  王广才  姜军  杨炳超 《地学前缘》2021,28(4):194-205

地下水在干旱/半干旱地区的生态环境保护中起着主导作用。柴达木盆地北缘的大柴旦湖地处西北干旱区,其生态环境较为脆弱,了解该地区的地下水水化学演化特征,对这一生态敏感地区的地下水可持续利用至关重要。本研究通过采集该地区28 个具有代表性的水样,运用数理统计、Piper图、Gibbs图、离子比值、饱和指数和反向水文地球化学模拟等方法,分析了研究区地下水水化学类型分布特征,探讨了地下水水化学演化过程中的水岩作用。结果表明:(1)由山前冲洪积扇到大柴旦湖,地下水水化学类型由HCO₃·Cl·SO₄-Na·Ca型向SO₄·Cl-Ca·Na、Cl-Na型演化转变,总溶解固体物含量由小于1 g/L增至380 g/L以上。(2)Gibbs图、主要离子比值分析及饱和指数表明,研究区地下水水化学特征主要受水岩作用和蒸发结晶作用控制,沿地下水流路径上,主要发生了岩盐、石膏的溶解,方解石的沉淀,白云石和长石的溶解或沉淀。氯碱指数、[(Na⁺+K⁺)-Cl^-]与[(Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺)-( {\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-}+ {\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-})]关系表明,阳离子交换作用也影响着该地区地下水水化学组分的形成。(3)通过反向水文地球化学模拟,定量验证了地下水径流过程的主要水-岩作用。  相似文献   

川西高原砂金矿床形成规律   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

崔克倍 《地质科学》1989,(4):308-313

砂金富集规律可归纳为五条:(1)砂金比重大,体积小,一般下沉于砂砾层底部基岩之上,形成富矿带。(2)河流流速减缓处是砂金富集之场所,如河流内湾处;两河会流处;河谷由宽突变窄处;河谷由窄突变宽处。(3)河床起伏不平是砂金富集之主要条件。最理想的河床是软硬相间之岩层,如砂页岩互层,且走向横穿河谷,倾斜较陡,这样,便形成具有无数隔梁与隔槽的起伏不平的河床,砂金受阻,易于停积。(4)位于谷旁之古老河床沉积阶地是无水患的易采砂金矿床,不容忽视。(5)红黄杂色铁砂及石英碎屑常为砂金富集标志。  相似文献   

A constitutive law for thermo-plastic behaviour of rocks: an analogy with clays   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

T. Hueckel  A. Peano  R. Pellegrini 《Surveys in Geophysics》1994,15(5):643-671

Thermo-mechanical behaviour of rocks shows phenomenological similarities to that of clays. A visible decrease of strength and an increase in ductility at elevated temperatures are observed in drained conditions. In undrained conditions the strength decrease is even more dramatic and the ductile behaviour may turn into the brittle one, if a sufficient amount of water is present in the pores at the start of the process, or it is being released during heating by the decomposition of hydrous minerals. Applying a thermo-plasticity theory, major macroscopical characteristics of behaviour may be modelled. According to this theory, the elastic domain is postulated as temperature dependent, shrinking with temperature; heating may result in expansive or compactive volumetric irreversible strain depending on the confining stress. This theory is applied to the modelling of heat effects on local changes of permeability around a cylindrical nuclear waste container disposed off in deep clays, and in the numerical simulation of a mechanism initiating deep earthquakes.  相似文献   

秦巴地区砂金矿的分布及富集规律     

候进仓 《陕西地质》1991,(1)

本文通过对秦巴陕、甘、川、豫、鄂五省已知砂金矿床资料的整理和综合,简要的总结了区内砂金矿床的成因,形态类型,不同类型砂金矿床的地质特征及砂金矿的富集规律。对砂金矿的普查找矿工作有一定的指导意义。  相似文献