Computer-aided design of bus route maps     

Yukio Sadahiro  Takahito Tanabe  Maxime Pierre  Koichi Fujii 《制图学和地理信息科学》2016,43(4):361-376

The bus route map is a diagram that aims to convey necessary information for map readers to find an appropriate way of moving from an origin to a destination. Design of bus route map is a complicated and time-consuming task that requires careful consideration of readability and aesthetics. This paper proposes a new computational method for designing bus route maps. The method helps us to reduce six types of undesirable elements in bus route maps, i.e., gap, shift, crossing, overlap, misalignment, and acute bend. The method consists of two phases: line layout phase determines the relative order of bus routes on each road segment and map layout phase calculates the actual position of bus routes drawn on a map. This paper applies the method to the design of bus route maps of Chiba City, Japan. The result supports the effectiveness of the method as well as reveals open topics for future research.  相似文献   

基于光谱特征的月球岩性分类方法研究——以Apollo 16登月区域为例     

陈建平  王翔  高光大  姚美娟 《岩石学报》2016,32(1):77-86

利用NASA行星数据系统提供Apollo计划登月点采样线路影像数据,通过与嫦娥二号CCD数据、印度M~3数据空间校正获得采样路线坐标。开展嫦娥二号CCD数据与印度M~3数据MAP(后验概率)融合并选择Apollo 15、Apollo 16-62231的LSCC测得的标准岩石双向反射率光谱与M~3、嫦娥二号进行交叉定标。本文采用月球岩石光谱谱型全特征分析方法,选取涵盖Apollo计划登月获取的36个基站主要岩性87种、285件岩石样品,利用校正后的M~3数据分析月球典型岩石各阶吸收反射特征,建立月球典型岩石标准遥感影像光谱库,此后应用Apollo 623个岩石样品进行对比得到很好结果,同时完成Apollo 16登月点周围领域岩性分布图,并讨论了研究区的岩石成因,Apollo 16区域形成于高地大撞击,在早期的研究中已经被用于划分月球年代,本文方法对于月球岩石类别研究与理解月球的岩浆演化具有重要的研究价值。  相似文献   

Stability and capsizing analysis of nonlinear ship rolling in wind and stochastic beam seas     

《Applied Ocean Research》2016

Considering the actual seaway condition, stability and capsizing of nonlinear ship rolling system in stochastic beam seas is of significant importance for voyage safety. Safe zone are defined in the phase space plan of the unperturbed Hamilton system to qualitatively distinguish ship motions as capsize and noncapsize. Capsize events are defined by solutions passing out of the safe zone. The probability of such an occurrence is studied by virtue of the random Melnikov function and the concept of phase space flux. In this paper, besides conventional wave excitation, the effect of wind load is also taken into account. The introduction of wind load will lead to asymmetry, in other words, it transforms the symmetric heteroclinic orbits into asymmetric homoclinic orbits. For asymmetric dynamical system, the orbital analytic solutions and its power spectrum are not readily available, and the technique of discrete time Fourier transformation (DTFT) is used. In the end, as verification of theoretical critical significant wave height, capsizing probability contour diagram is generated by means of numerical simulation. The contour diagram shows that these analytical methods provide reliable and predictive results about the likelihood of a vessel capsizing in a given seaway condition.  相似文献   

Oil dispersal modelling: reanalysis of the Rena oil spill using open-source modelling tools     

HFE Jones  MTS Poot  JC Mullarney  WP de Lange 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2016,50(1):10-27

ABSTRACT

Oil spill forecast modelling is typically used immediately after a spill to predict oil dispersal and promote mobilisation of more effective response operations. The aim of this work was to map oil dispersal after the grounding of the MV Rena on Astrolabe Reef and to verify the results against observations. Model predictions were broadly consistent with observed distribution of oil contamination. However, some hot spots of oil accumulation, likely due to surf-zone and rip current circulation, were not well represented. Additionally, the model was run with 81 differing wind conditions to show that the events occurring during the grounding represented the typical likely behaviour of an oil spill on Astrolabe Reef. Oil dispersal was highly dependent on prevailing wind patterns; more accurate prediction would require better observations of local wind patterns. However, comparison of predictions with observations indicated that the GNOME model was an effective low-cost approach.  相似文献   

Exploring the spatial distribution patterns of South African Cape hakes using generalised additive models     

A Grüss  D Yemane  TP Fairweather 《African Journal of Marine Science》2016,38(3):395-409

We developed delta generalised additive models (GAMs) to predict the spatial distribution of different size classes of South African hakes, Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus, using demersal trawl survey data and geographical (latitude and longitude) and environmental features (depth, temperature, bottom dissolved oxygen and sediment type). Our approach consists of fitting, for each hake size class, two independent models, a binomial GAM and a quasi-Poisson GAM, whose predictions are then combined using the delta method. Delta GAMs were validated using an iterative cross-validation procedure, and their predictions were then employed to produce distribution maps for the southern Benguela. Delta GAM predictions confirmed existing knowledge about the spatial distribution patterns of South African hakes, and brought new insights into the factors influencing the presence/absence and abundance of these species. Our GAM approach can be used to produce distribution maps for spatially explicit ecosystem models of the southern Benguela in a rigorous and objective way. Ecosystem models are critical features of the ecosystem approach to fisheries, and distribution maps constructed using our GAM approach will enable a reliable allocation of species biomasses in spatially explicit ecosystem models, which will increase trust in the spatial overlaps and, therefore, the trophic interactions predicted by these models.  相似文献   

逻辑回归模型在边坡稳定性分析中的应用     

王艳龙  杜立志  何赛  蔡伟嘉 《世界地质》2018,37(3):945-951

采用逻辑回归模型和确定性系数CF建立概率模型,使用收集到的22个边坡实例,将重度、内聚力、坡角、坡高、内摩擦角和孔隙压力比六个影响因子作为自变量,边坡状态作为因变量,应用SPSS取不同的滑坡概率P与不滑坡概率1-P的比值的自然对数Z进行回归分析。将获得的滑坡概率拟合模型反馈到样本参数上,对比其误差,选取Z=±10时的函数模型对另外8组边坡进行验证,证明预测模型的合理性。  相似文献   

基于邻域最优概率的GRAPES快速更新循环同化预报系统逐时降水订正方法     

罗聪  时洋  吴乃庚  张华龙  黄晓莹  苏冉 《热带气象学报》2021,37(4):569-578

针对高分辨率数值天气预报的时空不确定性, 利用邻域最优概率方法对华南区域GRAPES快速更新循环同化预报系统的24 h预报进行逐时降水订正和检验评估。结果表明: (1)邻域法能改善模式降水预报的空间不确定性, 最优邻域半径随降水等级增加而减小, 强降水的最优邻域半径约为60 km; (2)通过引入时间滞后因子, 可进一步改善模式不同时间起报的不确定性, 结合Brier评分确定了时间滞后窗为4 h; (3)提出基于邻域最优概率阈值的降雨进行分级订正方法, 有效提升了降水客观预报能力, 晴雨预报较模式全部为正技巧, TS评分达到0.89以上, 总体提升幅度约5.3%;强降水预报同样均为正技巧, TS评分呈先降后升趋势, 在12 h时效前后预报效果最优, 进一步提升了GRAPES快速更新循环同化预报系统的业务预报水平。   相似文献   

Measured and perceived visual complexity: a comparative study among three online map providers     

Susan Schnur  Kenan Bektaş 《制图学和地理信息科学》2018,45(3):238-254

We present a study on human perception of map complexity, with the objective of better understanding design decisions that may lead to undesirable levels of complexity in web maps. We compare three complexity metrics to human ratings of complexity obtained through a user survey. Specifically, we use two algorithmic approaches published by others, which measure feature congestion (FC) and subband entropy (SE), as well as our own approach of counting object types rather than individual objects. We compare these metrics with each other as well as with human complexity ratings for three maps of the same area from map providers Google Maps, Bing Maps, and OpenStreetMap. Each map design is assessed at three different scales (levels of detail). We find that (1) the FC and SE metrics appear to be adequate predictors of what humans consider complex; (2) object-type counts are slightly less successful at predicting human-rated complexity, implying that clutter is more important in perceived complexity than diversity of symbology; and (3) generalization choices do impact human complexity ratings. These findings contribute to our understanding of what makes a map complex, with implications for designing maps that are easy to use.  相似文献   

Design principles for origin-destination flow maps     

Bernhard Jenny  Daniel M. Stephen  Ian Muehlenhaus  Brooke E. Marston  Ritesh Sharma  Eugene Zhang 《制图学和地理信息科学》2018,45(1):62-75

Origin-destination flow maps are often difficult to read due to overlapping flows. Cartographers have developed design principles in manual cartography for origin-destination flow maps to reduce overlaps and increase readability. These design principles are identified and documented using a quantitative content analysis of 97 geographic origin-destination flow maps without branching or merging flows. The effectiveness of selected design principles is verified in a user study with 215 participants. Findings show that (a) curved flows are more effective than straight flows, (b) arrows indicate direction more effectively than tapered line widths, and (c) flows between nodes are more effective than flows between areas. These findings, combined with results from user studies in graph drawing, conclude that effective and efficient origin-destination flow maps should be designed according to the following design principles: overlaps between flows are minimized; symmetric flows are preferred to asymmetric flows; longer flows are curved more than shorter or peripheral flows; acute angles between crossing flows are avoided; sharp bends in flow lines are avoided; flows do not pass under unconnected nodes; flows are radially distributed around nodes; flow direction is indicated with arrowheads; and flow width is scaled with represented quantity.  相似文献   

复合点坝构型样式分类方案及分布概率统计^*          下载免费PDF全文

王夏斌  胡光义  范廷恩  范洪军  陈飞  何明薇 《古地理学报》2021,23(1):207-222

复合点坝储集层内部非均质性分析是曲流河研究的难点,仅靠地震和测井资料难以解释清楚。关于复合点坝储层构型表征也较缺乏定量化指导标准。本研究选取了13条曲流河河段的260个复合点坝作为数据样本,进行参数分类统计,形成曲流河复合点坝地质知识库。将复合点坝分为4大类、25个亚类;将侧积体分为8大类、22个亚类。统计不同类型复合点坝和侧积体构型样式的分布概率关系。以此为基础,充分利用定量分布概率关系,达到在资料较少情况下分析复合点坝储集层平面非均质性的目的。  相似文献