Evaluating debris-flow and anthropogenic disturbance on 10Be concentration in mountain drainage basins: implications for functional connectivity and denudation rates across time scales     

Francesco Brardinoni  Reto Grischott  Florian Kober  Corrado Morelli  Marcus Christl 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(15):3955-3974

We examine the sensitivity of ¹⁰Be concentrations (and derived denudation rates), to debris-flow and anthropogenic perturbations in steep settings of the Eastern Alps, and explore possible relations with structural geomorphic connectivity. Using cosmogenic ¹⁰Be as a tracer for functional geomorphic connectivity, we conduct sampling replications across four seasons in Gadria, Strimm and Allitz Creek. Sampling sites encompass a range of structural connectivity configurations, including the conditioning of a sackung, all assessed through a geomorphometric index (IC). By combining information on contemporary depth of erosion and sediment yield, disturbance history and post-LGM (Last Glacial Maximum) sedimentation rates, we constrain the effects of debris-flow disturbance on ¹⁰Be concentrations at the Gadria sites. Here, we argue that bedrock weakening imparted by the sackung promotes high depth of erosion. Consequently, debris flows recruit sediment beyond the critical depth of spallogenic production (e.g., >3 m), which in turn, episodically, due to predominantly muogenic production pathways, lowers ¹⁰Be concentration by a factor of 4, for at least 2 years. In contrast, steady erosion in Strimm Creek yields very stable ¹⁰Be concentrations through time. In Allitz Creek, we observe two- to fourfold seasonal fluctuations in ¹⁰Be concentrations, which we explain as the combined effects of water diversion and hydraulic structures on sediment mixing. We further show that ¹⁰Be concentration correlates inversely with the IC index, where sub-basins characterized by high concentrations (long residence times) exhibit low IC values (structurally disconnected) and vice versa, implying that, over millennial time scales a direct relation exists between functional and structural connectivity, and that the IC index performed as a suitable metric for structural connectivity. The index performs comparably better than other metrics (i.e., mean slope and mean normalized channel steepness index) previously used to assess topographic controls on denudation rates in active unglaciated ranges. In terms of landscape evolution, we argue that the sackung, by favouring intense debris-flow activity across the Holocene, has aided rapid postglacial reshaping of the Gadria basin, which currently exhibits a topographic signature characteristic of unglaciated debris-flow systems. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Tracking denudation and sediment production and transport with cosmogenic 10Be in arid,high-altitude Himalayan half-grabens,Zanskar, northern India     

Craig Dietsch  Kathryn Hedrick  Lewis A. Owen  Marc W. Caffee 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(13):3103-3119

Understanding the extent to which local factors, including bedrock and structure, govern catchment denudation in mountainous environments as opposed to broader climate or tectonic patterns provides insight into how landscapes evolve as sediment is generated and transported through them, and whether they have approached steady-state equilibrium. We measured beryllium-10 (¹⁰Be) concentrations in 21 sediment samples from glaciated footwall and hanging wall catchments, including a set of nested catchments, and 12 bedrock samples in the Puga and Tso Morari half-grabens located in the high-elevation, arid Zanskar region of northern India. In the Puga half-graben where catchments are underlain by quartzo-feldspathic gneissic bedrock, bedrock along catchment divides is eroding very slowly, about 5 m/Ma, due to extreme aridity and ¹⁰Be concentrations in catchment sediments are the highest (~60–90 × 10⁵ atoms/g SiO₂) as colluvium accumulates on hillslopes, decoupled from their ephemeral streams. At Puga, ¹⁰Be concentrations and the average erosion rates of a set of six nested catchments demonstrate that catchment denudation is transport-limited as sediment stagnates on lower slopes before reaching the catchment outlet. In the Tso Morari half-graben, gneissic bedrock is also eroding very slowly but ¹⁰Be concentrations in sediments in catchments underlain by low grade meta-sedimentary rocks, are significantly lower (~10–35 × 10⁵ atoms/g SiO₂). In these arid, high-elevation environments, ¹⁰Be concentrations in catchment sediments have more to do with bedrock weathering and transport times than steady-state denudation rates. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

甘东南地区水氡浓度的临界慢化现象研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

苏小芸  陈丽君  王文才  季婉婧  李通  周卫东 《地震工程学报》2020,42(5):1104-1110,1140

本文将临界慢化理论应用于甘东南地区水氡浓度观测资料的处理中,以2008年5月12日汶川M_S8.0地震、2013年7月22日甘肃岷县—漳县M_S6.6地震为例,计算表征临界慢化现象的自相关系数和方差。计算结果表明,甘东南地区多个台站的水氡浓度观测资料在两次地震前均存在较明显的临界慢化现象。并从空间分布、持续时间、变化形态方面分析了异常点水氡浓度变化的临界慢化特征,结合水氡异常的水动力学机制和异常点所在构造,认为2次地震前的临界慢化现象与地震的发生有一定关系。  相似文献   

悬沙浓度标定相关性问题的探索   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

林振镇  陈蕴真  杨日魁  贾良文 《水文》2018,38(1):53-57

为研究影响OBS悬沙浓度标定相关性的因素,通过大量的数据分析发现常用的两种瞬时式采样器存在自身局限,无法精确控制采集点位置,以及无法完全封闭已经采集的水样。这两个局限是导致悬沙浓度标定相关系数较低的关键因素。在流态复杂的河口区,采样器的局限导致的影响更加明显。建议现场采集水样并进行后续处理时,需要注意仪器观测对象与标定样品的一致性。  相似文献   

江苏省无资料山丘区洛阳河流域径流模拟方法探讨     

纪小敏  陈颖冰  谢海文  石朋  李国芳  陈鑫 《水文》2018,38(3):57-61

近年来,无资料或资料缺乏地区汇流计算成为水文研究热点。基于地形参数的地貌瞬时单位线(GIUH)方法凭借其对历史降雨径流实测资料的不依赖性,已然成为径流模拟研究中被普遍采用且效果较好的方法之一。为探讨江苏省无资料山丘区的径流模拟方法,选取具有典型地形地貌特征的镇江通胜洛阳河小流域展开研究。根据地貌特征值等数据提取出该流域的地貌单位线,采用地貌单位线计算径流过程,利用2016、2017年汛期实测的4场洪水进行方法验证,将计算径流与实测数据进行对比分析,结果表明:基于地貌特征的地貌单位线法在该流域洪水模拟中具有较高精度,又因该流域于江苏省乃代表性区域,初步判定可将该方法推广至其他无资料山丘区流域。  相似文献   

贵州山区降水集中度和降水集中期的时空变化特征   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张波  谷晓平  古书鸿 《水文》2017,37(6):63-67

利用1961~2015年贵州省81个气象观测站的逐日降雨资料,计算了降水集中度(PCD)和集中期(PCP),并采用线性趋势、空间分析、M-K突变检验和R/S分析等方法 ,对贵州山区复杂地形下的降水集中度和降水集中期进行了分析。结果表明:贵州1961~2015年PCD波动幅度介于0.30~0.59之间,空间分布上由东向西逐渐增加的趋势,PCP的波动范围在16.5~21.0旬之间,空间呈现出由东南向西北逐渐增加的趋势;PCD与降水量的相关性高于PCP与降水量的相关性,表明贵州地区的降水量越多,降水越趋于集中;R/S分析表明贵州地区PCD可能隐含着周期规律,PCP会保持提前的趋势。  相似文献   

偏高岭土协同石灰钝化红黏土水敏性的机制     

谈云志  胡焱  曹玲  邓永锋  明华军  沈克军 《岩土力学》2020,41(7):2207-2214

红黏土水敏性强,添加石灰等碱性材料处治后,能获得即刻的改良效果,但由于红黏土呈弱酸性,石灰改良后其长期性能会衰减。为提高石灰稳定红黏土（简称La+L）的长期性能,添加偏高岭土（4%）协同石灰（5%）稳定红黏土（简称La+L+MK）,改善其水敏性和酸?碱互损作用。制备8种初始含水率的压实试样（初始孔隙比相同）,养护到预定时间后开展无侧限抗压强度试验,同时,测定试样的钙离子浓度、电导率和pH值。结果表明：初始含水率为26%左右时,改良土的无侧限抗压强度最高,初始含水率偏高或偏低都不利于改良土的强度增长。究其原因,试样偏干时,缺少水分,石灰水化不充分,不能形成游离态钙离子,无法进行火山灰反应,颗粒之间无法形成胶结;试样偏湿时,火山灰反应形成的胶结强度不及过量水分引起的基质吸力丧失量。试样的钙离子浓度和电导率变化规律,证实了以上原因解释的猜想。当然,添加偏高岭土后,能够显著改善偏湿状态下的石灰土强度。即使浸水饱和后,相对石灰改良土,也能够保持较高的强度,充分证明偏高岭土能够有效降低石灰土水敏性,提高其耐久性。偏高岭土直接提供了大量硅、铝氧化物,且将土体pH值降到有利于硅、铝氧化物溶解的碱性范围,加速火山灰反应,缓减或抑制石灰?红黏土的互损作用。  相似文献   

利用铝−有机质絮状物降低渗透系数的试验研究     

赵红芬  周志鑫 《岩土力学》2020,41(12):3947-3956

防渗对堤坝等水利工程、地下工程和污染物迁移都具有重要意义。基于自然灰化土层形成过程中因金属离子和有机质络合反应形成不透水土层的过程,提出了利用六水合氯化铝（AlCl3·6H2O）和有机质（OM）相互反应生成Al-OM絮状物来降低渗透系数的方法。开展了系列的注入试验,探究了浆液浓度、注浆速度和砂土颗粒级配对渗透系数降低和形成屏障长度的影响。研究结果表明：该方法可以有效地降低砂土的渗透性;渗透系数降低的速度随着浆液中Al-OM絮状物浓度的增大而增加;由于絮状物浓度的增加,孔隙堵塞的速度增快,从而阻止了其继续扩散,形成的屏障长度随之减小;Al-OM絮状物的尺寸随注浆速度的增大而减小。当注浆速度较大时,Al-OM絮状物的尺寸较小,因此渗透系数降低慢而扩散距离远。砂土的颗粒级配对渗透系数降低有重要影响,粗颗粒含量越大,渗透系数降低越小。  相似文献   

“关键资源地球化学勘查”专辑特邀主编寄语——关键元素分布与关键资源勘查     

王学求 《地球学报》2020,41(6):739-746

关键资源已经成为工业4.0和低碳能源不可替代的原材料。构成关键资源的元素有50余种, 这些元素是现代社会的先进制造、电子产品、低碳能源、国防安全、生物医药等必须的原材料, 因此也称为关键元素。地球化学勘查是研究和探测关键元素分布和超常富集, 寻找关键资源行之有效的方法。中国在关键元素的分布和深部探测地球化学领域走在了国际前列, 形成了从全球尺度、全国尺度、矿区尺度直到纳米尺度地球化学探测技术体系, 实现从二维到三维、从浅表矿到千米深度矿产探测能力的飞跃, 不仅圈定了一批全国稀土、锂、铀的超常富集区, 而且取得了多处深部金矿和铜矿勘查的重大突破。本专辑选择部分研究成果介绍了稀土元素、新能源金属(铀、锂、钴)、金、铜等关键资源地球化学勘查中取得的新进展和成果。为了响应国家号召“把论文写在祖国大地上”, 专辑作者把优质素材形成的论文发表在自己的杂志上, 作为本期特邀主编对他们的奉献精神表示衷心感谢和崇高的敬意！  相似文献   

北京夏季O3垂直分布与气象因子的相关研究   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

任丽红  胡非  王玮 《气候与环境研究》2005,10(2):166-174

通过分析2000年7月26日～8月22日北京325 m气象塔的O3浓度梯度观测资料及同期的气象资料,探讨了O3与NOx、风速、风向、温度及相对湿度的关系.通过建立不同风向下O3浓度与NOx、温度、相对湿度及风速的多元回归方程,证实了高浓度的O3是NOx与气象条件综合作用的结果,利用可得到的气象资料及NOx浓度值进行O3污染预报的尝试是可行的.  相似文献