美国20世纪洪水损失分析及中美90年代比较研究   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文

姜付仁  程晓陶  向立云  吴玉成 《水科学进展》2003,14(3):384-388

分析了美国20世纪洪水损失的演变情况及洪水损失对国民经济的影响,探讨了美国的洪水响应政策,并对中国和美国20世纪90年代的洪水损失进行比较研究.主要结论如下:①美国20世纪年均洪水损失以1.58%的增长率缓慢上升,20世纪末年均损失约为55.6亿美元;②洪水损失占GDP的比重逐渐下降,由20世纪30年代的0.334%下降到90年代的0.068%;③美国许多重大洪水政策的调整几乎都与特大洪水发生有关,呈由"遏制洪水"、"控制洪水"发展到"洪水管理"的演变历程;④通过比较研究发现,整个90年代是中国和美国洪水频发的时期,中国的年均洪水损失为1343.1亿元,损失占全国GDP的2.386%;而美国年均洪水损失虽然也达到了55.6亿美元,但只占全美GDP的0.068%;洪水对中国国民经济的影响远远大于对美国的影响.  相似文献   

History of the Photogrammetric Society     

P. Lamboit 《The Photogrammetric Record》2002,17(100):601-614

The Photogrammetric Society was formed in 1952. The Council of the Society considered that the twentieth anniversary was a good point at which to record the events which led to its formation and the significant occasions and decisions which have taken place since 1952. Consequently, Paul Lamboit was invited to compile this History. He has placed the birth and development of the society within the national and international photogrammetric context and his record of the deliberations which took place between 1947 and 1952 will be of particular interest to historians of our subject.
This account was first published in a limited edition in 1971. Sufficient interest has since been expressed to prompt a wider circulation through publication in the Photogrammetric Record .
The author served the Society continuously in several official capacities from 1953 to 1969 and he was elected to Honorary Membership in 1969.  相似文献   

Determination of Platinum‐Group Elements in OPY‐1: Comparison of Results using Different Digestion Techniques     

Liang Qi  Mei‐Fu Zhou 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2008,32(3):377-387

A new proficiency testing sample, OPY‐1 (ultramafic rock), the basis of the twentieth international proficiency test of analytical geochemistry laboratories (GeoPT 20), was recently prepared by the International Association of Geoanalysts (IAG). This paper reports analytical data for Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt and Pd with different digestion techniques, including an improved Carius tube, Carius tube combined with HF dissolution and alkaline fusion. About 4–15% of the PGEs are in the silicate phase, which cannot be leached by aqua regia even when digested at 300 °C with the Carius tube technique. Both the Carius tube technique combined with HF dissolution and alkaline fusion can obtain reliable data. The results demonstrated that OPY‐1 is sufficiently homogeneous at a 2 g test portion level to be suitable as a reference material for method validation. The procedure for sealing the Carius tube was simplified and the recommended digestion procedures are provided.  相似文献   

Lacustrine oxygen isotope record of 20th-century climate change in central EuropeL evaluation of climatic controls on oxygen isotopes in precipitation     

Jane L. Teranes  Judith A. McKenzie 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2001,26(2):131-146

We report oxygen isotope data from a 108-yr (1885–1993) sequence with annual laminae of bio-induced authigenic calcite in a frozen core from Baldeggersee, a small lake in Central Switzerland. These isotope results provide proxy data on the isotopic composition of past precipitation in the Baldeggersee catchment region and are quantitatively compared with instrumental climate data (i.e. mean annual air temperature and atmospheric circulation pattern indices) to evaluate climatic controls on oxygen isotopes in precipitation.Monitoring the isotope hydrology of Baldeggersee demonstrates that the oxygen isotopic composition of the lake water is controlled by the isotopic composition of local atmospheric precipitation (¹⁸O_p) and that the isotopic signal of precipitation is preserved, albeit damped, in the lake calcite oxygen isotope record (¹⁸O_c). Comparison of the calcite oxygen isotope proxy for ¹⁸O_p in the catchment with historical mean annual air temperature measurements from Bern, Switzerland confirms that authigenic calcite reliably records past annual air temperature in the region. This ¹⁸O_c/temperature relationship is calculated to be 0.39/°C for the period 1900–1960, based on an isotope mass-balance model for Baldeggersee. An exception is a 0.8 anomalous negative shift in calcite ¹⁸O values since the 1960s. Possible explanations for this recent ¹⁸O_c shift, as it is not related to mean annual air temperature, include changes in ¹⁸O_p due to synoptic circulation patterns. In particular, the 0.8 negative shift coincides with a trend towards a more dominant North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. This circulation pattern would tend to bring more isotopically more negative winter precipitation to the region and could account for the 0.8 offset in ¹⁸O_c data.  相似文献   

A mathematical and numerical model for reactive fluid flow systems     

Astrid Holstad 《Computational Geosciences》2000,4(2):103-139

We formulate mathematical and numerical models for multispecies, multi-phase and non-isothermal reactive fluid flow in porous media focusing on the chemical reactions and the transport of solutes. Mass conservation and stability in the time integration are emphasized. We use cell-centered finite volume differencing in space and an implicit Runge-Kutta method in time. Assuming two space dimensions, we introduce flux approximation for arbitrarily shaped convex quadrilaterals. On equidistant and variable sized rectangular grids we choose limited κ= related schemes to approximate the advective flux and the central difference scheme for the diffusive flux. On non-rectangular grids we recommend the VF9 scheme for the estimation of the diffusive flux. Our model exists as a code. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Wave forecasting at the Spanish coasts     

《Journal of Atmospheric & Ocean Science》2005,10(4):389-405

A wave forecasting system developed by Puertos del Estado (The Spanish holding of harbours) to predict waves at the coast is run in a twice a day cycle with a forecasting horizon of 72 h. This system is driven by wind fields supplied by the Spanish Meteorological Service from the HIRLAM model. Nested within this model a set of local forecasting systems, one for each harbour, covering an area of around 25 × 25 km, has been developed. The narrowness of the Spanish continental shelf requires very high resolution grids to be applied to localised regions near the coast. This fact involves the use of modelling techniques that makes this forecasting system different from other systems implemented in other regions. This article describes the wave forecasting system and the different techniques developed at Puertos del Estado to implement it.  相似文献   

桶形基础采油平台三维有限元稳定性计算分析   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

杨家岭  王书法  孔令伟  袁建新  刘志安  王泉 《岩土力学》2002,23(5):640-644

采用三维有限元计算方法对CB20B桶形基础海上采油平台进行了稳定性计算分析。平台工作期间在外部荷载如风力、波浪、冰力、海流等作用下,其抗倾、抗滑稳定性不仅与平台的整体结构有关,而且和海底土体的力学特性以及结构与土体的相互作用密切相关。分析结果表明CB20B桶形基础平台在设计条件下运行是较为稳定的。  相似文献   

塔里木河流域水面蒸发折算系数分析   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2  

胡顺军  田长彦  宋郁东  陈斌  王方 《中国沙漠》2005,25(5):649-651

根据阿克苏上游水库1982-1987年,塔门镇2000-2002年同步观测的20m²水面蒸发池和直径20cm小型蒸发器水面蒸发资料,估算了直径20cm小型蒸发器对20m²水面蒸发池的水面蒸发折算系数,分析了其变化特征,并与北疆哈地坡及我国新蒙区年水面蒸发折算系数进行了对比。结果表明,塔里木盆地冻结期(4~10月)的水面蒸发虽然微弱,但不能忽略,水面蒸发折算系数在非冻结期逐月增大,年际变化较小,但呈现逐年下降的趋势。该结果可供塔里木河流域水量平衡研究、水资源评价、生态需水计算时参考。  相似文献   

20世纪开封水域景观变化     

曹新向  丁圣彦 《地理学报(英文版)》2005,15(1):106-114

1IntroductionLandscape pattern is a spatial arrangement and combination form of various landscape elements, which are different in size and shape. It includes the type, number, space distribution and arrangement of landscape element (Wang, 1995; Wu, 2000)…  相似文献   

利用GPS卫星轨道确定地球二阶带谐系数的研究     

赵敏星  衷路萍  邹贤才 《测绘地理信息》2021,46(2):47-50

重力恢复和气候实验(gravity recovery and climate experiment,GRACE)任务受限于卫星的低轨极地轨道性质和编队模式,确定的重力场模型C₂₀项存在不足。与之相比,全球定位系统(global positioning system,GPS)卫星为倾斜轨道,卫星数量多,将GPS卫星的精密轨道数据作为伪观测值,使用动力学方法进行C₂₀项确定的可行性研究。结果显示,2017年C₂₀项时间序列的平均值比GRACE更接近卫星激光测距(satellite laser ranging,SLR)的结果,且不存在明显的约160 d的周期信号,表明利用GPS卫星解算C₂₀项具有可行性。同时估计了光压模型P1参数,与GAMIT软件解算结果接近,进一步验证C₂₀项解算结果的可靠性。  相似文献