三维地震勘探在湖泊沼泽地区的应用   总被引：3，自引：5，他引：3  

徐成明  徐爽 《物探与化探》2002,26(1):42-45

介绍了在湖泊沼泽复杂地表条件下开展三维地震勘探的主要难点,并提出了针对性的技术措施,保证了野外数据采集和室内资料处理的质量。通过对三维地震勘探的野外数据采集、资料处理的总结以及勘探前后构造的对比,说明了三维地震在湖泊、沼泽地和柳条林这样的地表复杂地区取得了成功,并为今后复杂地区的三维煤田地震勘探工作提供了借鉴经验。  相似文献   

A Simple Single-Layer Urban Canopy Model For Atmospheric Models: Comparison With Multi-Layer And Slab Models   总被引：26，自引：7，他引：26  

Hiroyuki Kusaka  Hiroaki Kondo  Yokihiro Kikegawa  Fujio Kimura 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2001,101(3):329-358

We developed a simple, single-layer urban canopy model, and comparedit to both multi-layer and slab models. Our single-layer model has thefollowing features: (a) It is a column model of energy and momentumexchange between an urban surface and the atmosphere, (b) it includesthe influence of street canyons, which are parameterized to representthe urban geometry, (c) it includes shadowing from buildings andreflection of radiation, and (d) it estimates both the surfacetemperatures of, and heat fluxes from, three surface types: roof, wall,and road. In the simulation of the single-layer model, the roof washottest during the daytime, but coolest from midnight to early morning.This is consistent with output from the multi-layer model and fieldobservations at a residential area on a clear, summer day. The diurnalvariation of the energy budget from the single-layer model agrees wellwith that from the multi-layer model. Our single-layer model'sperformance is nearly that of a multi-layer model for studyingmesoscale heat islands. Nevertheless, it is simply parameterized,and thus easily included in larger-scale atmospheric models. The slabmodel has the largest nighttime cooling rate of the three models. Toovercome this, it needs more adjustments than for the canopy models.  相似文献   

景观生态学在城市规划和管理中的应用   总被引：53，自引：2，他引：53  

肖笃宁  高峻  石铁矛 《地球科学进展》2001,16(6):813-820

城市是典型的人工景观，空间结构上属于紧密汇聚型，功能上表现为高能流、高容量和文化上的多样性。城市景观生态研究包括城市空间结构与生态过程，城市景观风貌与城市生态建设，城市景观规划是其最直接的应用。首先论述了城市景观质量与价值评价，包括景观美学评价与景观视觉容量。城市空间结构和景观规划原则是该文论述的主题，包括城市空间布局、城市空间扩展的廊道效应以及城市绿地系统的空间结构分析；以上海和广州市的绿地系统为例进行了重点介绍，最后对于城乡交错带的景观变化进行分析，用景观格局及其动态来描述城乡交错带的城市化过程特点，介绍了上海和沈阳的典型研究。  相似文献   

中国农村转型与耕地保护机制   总被引：122，自引：10，他引：122  

蔡运龙 《地理科学》2001,21(1):1-6

我国农村和城市的发展都处在转型时期，对土地的需求将进一步扩展，而开发边际土地的余地已经有限，未来耕地食物安全的形势将更趋势严峻，因而保护耕地成为我国的基本国策，但实际上由于缺乏保护机制，耕地仍在继续向效益更高的其它土地用途转移，因此，保护耕地的根本大计在于建立机制，保护耕地的经济机制是提高农业的比较经济效益，耕地生态服务功能的价值实现至关重要，在政策管理机制方面，要强化政府在耕地保护中的作用，规范土地管理行为，明确独立于市场的政府土地管理目标，并以法律形式固定的规划作为实现目标的手段，城市发展要加强内涵集约度。  相似文献   

The world''s large lake basins as denudation-accumulation systems and implications for their lifetimes     

Matthias Hinderer  Gerhard Einsele 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2001,26(4):355-372

The mechanical denudation rates of 81 large lake basins (lake area > 500 km²) were determined from long-term river loads and erosion maps. Using the drainage area/lake area ratios the mean sedimentation rates of the lakes were calculated for a porosity of 0.3. The mean sedimentation rates of different lake types vary between 0.1 mm/a (glacial lakes, lowland) and 5.4 mm/a (mostly sag basin lakes). The calculated lifetimes of the lakes are based on the lake volumes and mean sedimentation rates, assuming steady-state conditions and solely clastic material. On average, glacial lakes in highlands and fault-related lakes show the shortest lifetimes (c. 70 ka), glacial lakes in lowlands and rift lakes have the longest lifetimes (c. 1 Ma). Some lakes remain unfilled for very long time spans due to rapid subsidence of their basin floors. The calculated lifetimes are compared with those derived from sediment core studies. Most core studies indicate lower mechanical sedimentation rates than the calculated ones because a major part of the incoming sediment is trapped in deltas. However, a number of lakes (e.g., the Great Lakes of North America) show the opposite tendency which is largely caused by extensive shoreline erosion and resuspension. The lifetimes of large glacial lakes often exceed the duration of interglacials. Hence, their lifetimes are restricted by glaciation and not by sediment infill. Rift lakes persist for long time periods which exceed the calculated lifetimes in some cases. Time-dependent subsidence, basin extension, as well as the impact of climate change are briefly described.  相似文献   

城市边缘区景观变化与人为影响的空间分异研究   总被引：38，自引：5，他引：38  

陈浮  葛小平  陈刚  彭补拙 《地理科学》2001,21(3):210-216

利用1988、1993、1998年的遥感影像，应用最大似然法和概率松弛法对马山景观组分进行了测量，在此基础上，对分类结果进行比较求得研究区景观变化的转移短也阵，分析了人为改造活动与景观组分之间的对应关系和空间变化过程，马山区已经从1988年的传统农业景观转化为1998年的城郊混合景观，人口、经济、产业结构均发生了巨大变化，借助人为影响指数，利用网格采样和地统计学分析，研究了马山1988-1998年间景观的人为开发利用活动，揭示人为活动的空间变异强度分布及景观转变过程的社会驱动力。  相似文献   

The history of the development of procedures for the rapid assessment of environmental conditions to aid the urban regeneration process at London Docklands     

A. F. Howland 《Engineering Geology》2001,60(1-4):117-125

A process of urban regeneration of the former industrial dock area of east London by the London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC) recognised the importance of geotechnical and geoenvironmental information. A systematic programme of data collection was implemented and stored in a series of bespoke computer database systems and cartographic registers. These allowed retrieval and manipulation of the data to provide rapid site assessments. The understanding of the natural setting of the area was enhanced as a consequence of the collation exercise. The data stored included geotechnical and environmental information on soil and groundwater. The hydrogeological regime was modelled by computer to determine the consequences of development on groundwater movement. In addition, a cartographic register of historic land use was developed. This gave instant detail on the potential for contamination of a site and became a fundamental tool in the UK planning process of the area. The information from the separate systems was finally combined into a geographic information system.  相似文献   

城乡火险预报模式探讨   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

毛贤敏  刘桂芬 《应用气象学报》1996,7(1):76-81

文章探讨了建立火险预报模式的必要性和可行性，分析了1981～1990年辽宁省火灾次数与风速、月降水量和相对湿度的关系。并从概念模式出发，讨论了与火险有关的逐因子，建立了定量的火险预报模式，试用效果较好。  相似文献   

Biomonitoring past salinity changes in an athalassic subarctic lake   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

R. Pienitz  I. R. Walker  B. A. Zeeb  J. P. Smol  P. R. Leavitt 《International Journal of Salt Lake Research》1992,1(2):91-123

A short sediment core was taken from a small saline lake located on an intermontane plateau in the central Yukon Territory, Canada. In July 1990, chemical analyses indicated that, although the lake was shallow (Z_max=1.1 m), it was also chemically stratified, with hyposaline (9.9 to 10.0 g L⁻¹) surface waters and slightly mesosaline (22.0 g L⁻¹) deeper waters. The surface water was dominated by Na⁺ and HCO ₃ ⁻ . To our knowledge, this is the northernmost athalassic saline lake yet recorded. Quantification of algal (diatom, chrysophyte, and pigment) and invertebrate (chironomid, ceratopogonid, andChaoborus) fossils at four stratigraphic levels indicated that the lake sediments preserved numerous biological indicators that could be used to infer recent lake development. Many of the taxa are found in other athalassic salt lakes. The most striking stratigraphic change was a remarkable drop in the species richness of diatoms and invertebrates in the recent sediments, which parallels the elimination of species characteristic of less saline conditions. Halophilous taxa dominate the most recent sediments, indicating the development of more saline conditions. At the same time, a significant shift in chrysophyte cyst composition was observed. Fossil carotenoids and chlorophylls indicated a decrease in total algal abundance in recent sediments, as green and blue-green algae replaced diatoms and chrysophytes. Together, these paleolimnological data suggest a recent shift to drier conditions or increased evaporation in the central Yukon Territory.  相似文献   

广州信息密集服务业的空间发展及其对城市地域结构的影响   总被引：27，自引：0，他引：27  

阎小培 《地理科学》1999,19(5):405-410

采用第三产业普查资料,深入分析了改革开放以来广州信息密集服务业的发展水平,空间发展特征和原因及其对城市地域结构的影响,揭示了信息密集服务业发展与城市地域运动的关系。  相似文献