Dune deformation in a multi‐directional wind regime: White Sands Dune Field,New Mexico          下载免费PDF全文

Anine Pedersen  Gary Kocurek  David Mohrig  Virginia Smith 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2015,40(7):925-941

As with most dune fields, the White Sands Dune Field in New Mexico forms in a wind regime that is not unimodal. In this study, crescentic dune shape change (deformation) with migration at White Sands was explored in a time series of five LiDAR‐derived digital elevation models (DEMs) and compared to a record of wind direction and speed during the same period. For the study period of June 2007 to June 2010, 244 sand‐transporting wind events occurred and define a dominant wind mode from the SW and lesser modes from the NNW and SSE. Based upon difference maps and tracing of dune brinklines, overall dune behavior consists of crest‐normal migration to the NE, but also along‐crest migration of dune sinuosity and stoss superimposed dunes to the SE. The SW winds are transverse to dune orientations and cause most forward migration. The NNW winds cause along‐crest migration of dune sinuosity and stoss bedforms, as well as SE migration of NE‐trending dune terminations. The SSE winds cause ephemeral dune deformation, especially crestal slipface reversals. The dunes deform with migration because of differences in dune‐segment size, and differences in the lee‐face deposition rate as a function of the incidence angle between the wind direction and the local brinkline orientation. Each wind event deforms dune shape, this new shape then serves as the boundary condition for the next wind event. Shared incidence‐angle control on dune deformation and lee‐face stratification types allows for an idealized model for White Sands dunes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Simulation of accelerograms from simplified deterministic approach for the 23rd October 2004 Niigata-ken Chuetsu,Japan earthquake     

A. Joshi  K. Mohan 《Journal of Seismology》2008,12(1):35-51

A simple hybrid approach for the simulation of strong ground motion is presented in this paper. This approach is based on the deterministic modelling of rupture plane initially started by Midorikawa, Tectonophysics 218:287–295, (1993) and further modified by Joshi, Pure Appl Geophys (PAGEOPH) 8:161, (2004). In this technique, the finite rupture plane of the target event is divided into several subfaults, which satisfy scaling relationship. In this paper, simulation of strong ground motion due to a rupture buried in a earth medium consisting of several layers of different velocities and thicknesses is made by considering (1) transmission of energy at each layer; (2) frequency filtering properties of medium and earthquake source; (3) correction factor for slip of large and small magnitude earthquakes and (4) site amplification ratio at various stations. To test the efficacy of the developed technique, strong motion records were simulated at different stations that have recorded the 2004 Niigata-ken Chuetsu, Japan earthquake (M _s 7.0). Comparison is made between the simulated and observed velocity and acceleration records and their response spectra. Distribution of peak ground acceleration, velocity and displacement surrounding the rupture plane is prepared from simulated and observed records and are compared with each other. The comparison of synthetic with the observed records over wide range of frequencies shows that the present technique is effective to predict various strong motion parameters from simple deterministic model which is based on simple regression relations and modelling parameters.  相似文献   

Diseases leading to accelerated decline of reef corals in the largest South Atlantic reef complex (Abrolhos Bank, eastern Brazil)     

Francini-Filho RB  Moura RL  Thompson FL  Reis RM  Kaufman L  Kikuchi RK  Leão ZM 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,56(5):1008-1014

Although reef corals worldwide have sustained epizootics in recent years, no coral diseases have been observed in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean until now. Here we present an overview of the main types of diseases and their incidence in the largest and richest coral reefs in the South Atlantic (Abrolhos Bank, eastern Brazil). Qualitative observations since the 1980s and regular monitoring since 2001 indicate that coral diseases intensified only recently (2005–2007). Based on estimates of disease prevalence and progression rate, as well as on the growth rate of a major reef-building coral species (the Brazilian-endemic Mussismilia braziliensis), we predict that eastern Brazilian reefs will suffer a massive coral cover decline in the next 50 years, and that M. braziliensis will be nearly extinct in less than a century if the current rate of mortality due to disease is not reversed.  相似文献   

三相周期成层Patchy模型中地震波频散和衰减          下载免费PDF全文

杜天玮  吴国忱  吴建鲁 《地球物理学报》2018,61(11):4584-4597

本文基于White周期层状模型,将传统两相流体（气,水）模型扩展至三相流体（油、气、水）周期层状模型,在Biot理论框架下将其延伸至高频,研究介观尺度地震频带下纵波在三相Patchy模型中的传播规律.应用孔隙介质弹性波波动方程解耦方法,结合等效边界条件,得到Biot1956年理论框架下的纵波速度频散与衰减的解析解.利用频率域有限差分方法,将Biot1941年、1956年理论方程中的微分算子离散化,正演得到纵波速度频散与衰减的数值解,结合由Biot-Gassmann-Hill公式和Biot-Gassmann-Wood公式计算得到的纵波速度上下限,证明了三相流体模型解析解的正确性.随后,研究了三种流体排列顺序对于纵波速度频散和衰减的影响.从受力分析角度来看,油层抵消部分水流对气层的力,使其受力减小,反之水流促进油流入气层,气层受到叠加力,因此改变流体顺序后气层受力情况不同,造成纵波频散和衰减结果有所差异.最后研究了含气饱和度变化对于纵波速度频散和衰减影响.  相似文献   

DA白矮星视向速度测量     

赵颖玥  罗阿理 《天文研究与技术》2019,(1):1-7

DA白矮星光谱在光学波段主要由巴尔默线主导,谱线比较宽,且谱线轮廓不对称,传统的线心方法确定视向速度非常困难。介绍了一种基于利用白矮星的有效温度(Teff)和表面重力加速度(log g)选择理论模板,通过交叉相关方法确定DA白矮星的APP速度,减去白矮星的引力红移得到白矮星的视向速度。测试发现对于有效温度高于10 000 K且信噪比大于20的DA白矮星的低分辨率光谱(R～2000),精度在10 km/s以内。基于这种方法测量了SDSS DR7的DA白矮星观测样本的视向速度,统计发现在1 000 pc内,视向速度的平均值接近于0。  相似文献   

Evaluating the Potential of an Airborne Laser-scanning System for Measuring Volume Changes of Glaciers     

Etienne Favey  Alain Geiger  G. Hilmar Gudmundsson  & Aloysius Wehr 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》1999,81(4):555-561

Airborne laser scanning (ALS) is well suited for the production of digital elevation models (DEM), and can, in contrast to photographic methods, be used to acquire a DEM independently of surface texture and external light sources. ALS thus serves as a tool to generate DEMs of firn areas where photogram- metric methods often fail.
The potential of an integrated ALS system – comprising a laser scanner, precise differential global positioning system, and a gyro platform – for DEM generation of firn areas is currently being assessed. The Unteraargletscher, Bernese Alps, Switzerland, has been chosen as a test site. As part of a pilot project aimed at determining the mass balance distribution of that glacier without the use of in situ information, ALS measurements were conducted in autumn 1997. The DEM derived from laser measurements is extremely sensitive to the position and attitude of the aircraft. Currently the main work focuses on assessing and improving the system's accuracy by error modelling and by the development of error-correction algorithms.
Preliminary results from Unteraargletscher are presented, and the potential of this method for the generation of DEMs of firn areas is discussed.  相似文献   

Facies characteristics and magma–water interaction of the White Trachytic Tuffs (Roccamonfina Volcano, southern Italy)     

Guido Giordano 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1998,60(1):10-26

 The Quaternary White Trachytic Tuffs Formation from Roccamonfina Volcano (southern Italy) comprises four non-welded, trachytic, pyroclastic sequences bounded by paleosols, each of which corresponds to small- to intermediate-volume explosive eruptions from central vents. From oldest to youngest they are: White Trachytic Tuff (WTT) Cupa, WTT Aulpi, WTT S. Clemente, and WTT Galluccio. The WTT Galluccio eruption was the largest and emplaced ∼ 4 km³ of magma. The internal stratigraphy of all four WTT eruptive units is a complex association of fallout, surge, and pyroclastic flow deposits. Each eruptive unit is organized into two facies associations, Facies Association A below Facies Association B. The emplacement of the two facies associations may have been separated by short time breaks allowing for limited reworking and erosion. Facies Association A consists of interbedded fallout deposits, surge deposits, and subordinate ignimbrites. This facies association involved the eruption of the most evolved trachytic magma, and pumice clasts are white and well vesiculated. The grain size coarsens upward in Facies Association A, with upward increases of dune bedform wavelengths and a decrease in the proportion of fine ash. These trends could reflect an increase in eruption column height from the onset of the eruption and possibly also in mass eruption rate. Facies Association B comprises massive ignimbrites that are progressively richer in lithic clast content. This association involved the eruption of more mafic magma, and pumice clasts are gray and poorly vesiculated. Facies Association B is interpreted to record the climax of the eruption. Phreatomagmatic deposits occur at different stratigraphic levels in the four WTT and have different facies characteristics. The deposits reflect the style and degree of magma–water interaction and the local hydrogeology. Very fine-grained, lithic-poor phreatomagmatic surge deposits found at the base of WTT Cupa and WTT Galluccio could record the interaction of the erupting magma with a lake that occupied the Roccamonfina summit depression. Renewed magma–water interaction later in the WTT Galluccio eruption is indicated by fine grained, lithic-bearing phreatomagmatic fall and surge deposits occurring at the top of Facies Association A. They could be interpreted to reflect shifts of the magma fragmentation level to highly transmissive, regional aquifers located beneath the Roccamonfina edifice, possibly heralding a caldera collapse event. Received: 26 August 1996 / Accepted: 27 February 1998  相似文献   

Aeolian dune interactions and dune‐field pattern formation: White Sands Dune Field,New Mexico     

RYAN C. EWING  GARY A. KOCUREK 《Sedimentology》2010,57(5):1199-1219

Pattern formation is a fundamental aspect of self‐organization in fields of bedforms. Time‐series aerial photographs and airborne light detection and ranging show that fully developed, crescentic aeolian dunes at White Sands, New Mexico, interact and the dune pattern organizes in systematically similar ways as wind ripples and subaqueous dunes and ripples. Documented interactions include: (i) merging; (ii) lateral linking; (iii) defect repulsion; (iv) bedform repulsion; (v) off‐centre collision; (vi) defect creation; and (vii) dune splitting. Merging and lateral linking are constructive interactions that give rise to a more organized pattern. Defect creation and bedform splitting are regenerative interactions that push the system to a more disorganized state. Defect/bedform repulsion and off‐centre collision cause significant pattern change, but appear to be neutral in overall pattern development. Measurements of pattern parameters (number of dunes, crest length, defect density, crest spacing and dune height), dune migration rates, and the type and frequency of dune interactions within a 3500 m box transect from the upwind margin to the core of the dune field show that most pattern organization occurs within the upwind field. Upwind dominance by constructive interactions yields to neutral and regenerative interactions in the field centre. This spatial change reflects upwind line source and sediment availability boundary conditions arising from antecedent palaeo‐lake topography. Pattern evolution is most strongly coupled to the pattern parameters of dune spacing and defect density, such that spatially or temporally the frequency of bedform interactions decreases as the dunes become further apart and have fewer defects.  相似文献   

Evaluation of two WAM white capping parameterizations using parallel unstructured SWAN with application to the Northern Gulf of Mexico, USA     

S. Mostafa Siadatmousavi  F. JoseG.W. Stone 《Applied Ocean Research》2011,33(1):23-30

The performance of two well accepted formulations for white capping and wind input of third generation wave models, viz., WAM-3 and WAM-4, were investigated using parallel unstructured SWAN (PunSWAN). Several alternative formulations were also considered to evaluate the effects of higher order steepness and wave number terms in white capping formulations. Distinct model configurations were calibrated and validated against available in situ measurements from the Gulf of Mexico. The results showed that some of the in situ calibrated models outperform the saturation level calibrated models in reproducing the idealized wave growth curves. The simulation results also revealed that increasing the power of the steepness term can enhance the accuracy of significant wave height (H_s), at the expense of a higher bias for large waves. It also has negative effects on mean wave period (T_a) and peak wave period (T_p). It is also demonstrated that the use of the quadratic wave number term in the WAM-3 formulation, instead of the existing linear term, ameliorates the T_a underestimation; however, it results in the model being unable to reach any saturation level. In addition, unlike H_s and T_p, it has been shown that T_a is sensitive to the use of the higher order WAM-4 formulation, and the bias is decreased over a wide range of wave periods. However, it also increases the scatter index (SI) of simulated T_a. It is concluded that the use of the WAM-4 wind input formulation in conjunction with the WAM-3 dissipation form, is the most successful case in reproducing idealized wave growth curves while avoiding T_a underestimation of WAM-3 and a potential spurious bimodal spectrum of WAM-4; consequently, this designates another perspective to improve the overall performance of third generation wave models.  相似文献   

Structure and Evolution of White Dwarfs and their Interaction with the Local Interstellar Medium     

M. A. Barstow  K. Werner 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2006,303(1-4):3-16

The development of far-UV astronomy has been particularly important for the study of hot white dwarf stars. A significant fraction of their emergent flux appears in the far-UV and traces of elements heavier than hydrogen or helium are, in general, only detected in this waveband or at shorter wavelengths that are also only accessible from space. Although white dwarfs have been studied in the far-UV throughout the past ∼25 years, since the launch of IUE, only a few tens of objects have been studied in great detail and a much larger sample is required to gain a detailed understanding of the evolution of hot white dwarfs and the physical processes that determine their appearance. We review here the current knowledge regarding hot white dwarfs and outline what work needs to be carried out by future far-UV observatories.  相似文献