Effects of continuous flow centrifugation on measurements of trace elements in river water: intrinsic contamination and particle fragmentation     

Patrick Ross  Davide Vignati  Janusz Dominik 《水文研究》2006,20(13):2745-2754

Continuous flow centrifugation (CFC) is a well‐established technique used in natural surface water studies to collect large amounts of suspended solids, thus allowing a broad spectrum of measurements. However, a potential contamination or changes in the particle size distribution during the centrifugation may restrain the use of CFC effluents for element analysis in the colloidal and dissolved fractions. In this paper we evaluate the possibility of using the effluent of a Westfalia centrifuge (type KA2‐06‐075, 9700 rpm) for such analysis. This evaluation is based on two laboratory experiments with deionized and tap water and two field experiments in rivers. Elemental concentration changes across the CFC were assessed from the CFC influent and effluent after a filtration at 0·45 µm. Significant increases were found, mainly in the field experiments at a high suspended solids level and a slightly acid pH. A hypothesis was made on the origin of these increases as a superposition of a centrifuge intrinsic contamination and a particle fragmentation effect. A numerical model based on elemental concentration measurements (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) gave a particle fragmentation level of 0·55% (mass percentage of particles broken up into smaller fragments during centrifugation). In another experiment, a direct particle counting (single particle counter) shows an excess of particles smaller than 500 nm in the CFC effluent, corresponding to a fragmentation level of 0·11%. In consequence, the use of CFC effluent for element analysis is possible in low‐turbidity river or lake waters, but should be carefully considered in waters with high suspended matter contents. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Statistical significance of modal parameters of bridge systems identified from strong motion data     

Yalin Arici  Khalid M. Mosalam 《地震工程与结构动力学》2005,34(10):1323-1341

Modal parameters of structural systems have commonly been determined using system identification (SI) methods for damage detection and health monitoring. For determining the deterioration of the integrity of structural systems correctly, modal parameters of a healthy structure have to be obtained with adequate certainty so that these parameters can be used as reliable references for the healthy system to compare with those of the damaged system. In this study, the statistical significance of modal parameters identified using strong motion time histories recorded on two bridge structures is assessed. The confidence intervals of identified modal frequencies and damping ratios are obtained using Monte Carlo simulations and sensitivity analyses in conjunction with eigenrealization algorithm. The dependence of the statistical bounds on model parameters is examined. The effect of using different number of sensors on the statistical significance is evaluated using simulated time history data from a validated finite element model of a bridge. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Progressive metamorphism in a crustal-scale shear zone: an example from the Léon region, north-west Brittany, France     

K. A. JONES 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1994,12(1):69-88

This paper describes the progressive metamorphism and deformation of a series of metasediments, Le Conquet Schists and their higher grade equivalents, which occur as tectonically emplaced screens within a sequence of foliated gneisses, the Gneiss de Brest and Gneiss de Lesneven. The sequence exhibits a steep south to north increase in metamorphic grade from garnet-staurolite schist to sillimanite gneiss and sillimanite-K-feldspar migmatite. The relationship of mineral growth to foliation development has been established for individual screens. At least five phases of deformation (D1-D5) are preserved. Analysis of porphyroblast inclusion trails is used to demonstrate sequential mineral growth during the successive development of orthogonal foliations S1-S4. Porphyroblasts continued to grow during the subsequent development of C-S mylonite fabrics and extensional crenulation cleavages which are genetically related to a series of high-strain zones (D5). Mineral assemblages, phase relations and mineral chemistry are consistent with porphyroblast growth being the result of continuous reactions. Microstructure-porphyroblast relations are used to show that although mineral growth proceeded during continuous reactions, these only operated episodically. Phase relations, mineral chemistry and P-T estimates are used to constrain P-T trajectories and these are linked to the deformation histories within individual screens. A comparison between the resulting pressure-temperature-deformation paths is used to demonstrate that the metamorphic peak occurred progressively later and at successively lower pressures with increasing metamorphic grade. It is suggested that the early evolution of the belt is the result of crustal thickening by overthrusting. The subsequent history is one of progressive heating and unroofing of the higher grade rocks in a dextral strike-slip transtensional shear zone.  相似文献   

Continuous reactions with amphibole, garnet and plagioclase     

A. J. ZINGG 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1995,13(3):431-443

Abstract End-member, continuous and degenerate reactions are derived for the multisystem with the six components Na₂O, CaO, (Mg/Fe)O, Al₂O₃, SiO₂, H₂O among the phases plagioclase_ss, garnet_ss, amphibole_ss, cpx, opx, olivine, spinel, quartz and an aqueous fluid. The chemography of this system is degenerate due to the co-linearity 2Opx = Ol + Qtz. This co-linearity has its implications both on reaction space and phase equilibria. From a total of 28 reaction systems, reaction space is derived for nine subsystems (phases in parentheses are absent): Case A₁: (Cpx,Ol) (Cpx,Opx) and (Cpx,Qtz), Case A₂: (Spl,Ol) (Spl,Opx) and (Spl,Qtz), Case B: (Ol,Opx) (Ol,Qtz) and (Opx,Qtz). In the absence of either cpx or spl (case A), three reactions form an invariant point, either [Cpx] or [Spl], where the co-linear phases olivine, opx and quartz coexist on the transformation line 2Opx = Ol + Qtz. Changing mineral compositions force invariant points to move along the line with the different reaction curves changing their relative position according to Schreinemakers’rules. Zero contours, i.e. the location where (a) phase(s) disappear(s) in reaction space correspond to singular points in phase diagrams. Two types are distinguished; singular points of indispensable and of substitutable phases. In the first case the phase disappears from the entire bundle while in the second it disappears from a single reaction. In the specific case where the substitutable phases are also the co-linear ones, two of the three co-linear phases disappear simultaneously. Two of the three reaction curves coincide. In the system including Cpx and Spl (Case B) three reactions, (Ol,Opx) (Ol,Qtz) and (Opx,Qtz), oppose three invariant points, [Ol], [Opx] and [Qtz]. Invariant points no longer move along the line 2Opx = Ol + Qtz. The coincidence of the zero contours of all three co-linear phases in reaction space-the result of the chemographic degeneracy-causes the respective singular points to coincide in the phase diagrams. This is the location where curves must be rearranged in a bundle to conform Schreinemakers’rules. The reaction Grs₁Prp₂= 2 Ol + An is fourth order degenerate and part of all nine subsystems (cases A and B). It can be used to relate the different phase diagrams to one another.  相似文献   

从地图看中国南海海域疆界线的形成与演进——中国南海九条断续国界线   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

张耀光  刘锴  刘桂春 《地理科学》2012,(9):1033-1040

南海诸多岛礁是中国最早发现的领土,南海九条断续线是中国海域疆界线。南海九条断续线的形成与演进,既是重要的海洋地缘政治问题,也是维护国家主权权益和岛礁保护与资源管理的重要问题。南海断续国界线形成的历史线索是中国历史研究中一个尚未拓展的领域。地图是国际上确认领土的一种证据,除了用文字进行阐述外,着重利用地图本身特有的功能来反映这条界线的形成与发展过程。这条疆界线的形成分为雏形期、形成期、成型期3个时期:在20世纪30年代以前,出现在南海的中国海上疆界线的时期,为疆界线形成的雏形期;20世纪30年代为南海疆界线的形成期;20世纪40~50年代,为南海海域疆界线的成型期。从以上时期的地图上可以形象地看到这条海上疆界线的"连续线"和"断续线"2种画法。同时从地图发展上可以直观地看到这条疆界线由11条线演变成为现今的9条线。这条海域疆界线的形成与演变过程,说明了南海9条断续海域疆界线内的岛礁是中国领土的历史事实,南海9条断续海域疆界线是中国海上国界线。  相似文献   

陕西苹果成熟期连阴雨指数及预报方法研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

刘璐  马杰 《气象》2012,38(8):1012-1016

选取陕西苹果30个生产基地县中果业发展水平具有代表性的12个台站,近50年(1961—2009年)9月中旬至10月上旬苹果成熟期连续3天及以上降水日数和无降水日数资料,设计并计算其连阴雨指数。将连阴雨指数分成强、偏强、中等、偏弱和弱5个等级,并用典型K阶自回归AR(K)预测模式进行独立样本预测试验。结果表明连阴雨指数能够较客观地反映基地县的连阴雨强度,且典型K阶自回归预测模式预测准确及基本准确率在83%左右,预报效果尚好,具有实用价值。  相似文献   

2012年初浙江连阴雨天气的环流特征及其异常成因     

张建海  曹艳艳 《湖北气象》2012,31(4)

利用浙江省常规气象站雨量资料、NCEP再分析资料、海温资料、射出长波辐射（OLR）日平均场资料,对2012年初浙江省出现的罕见阴雨寡照天气的环流特征和水汽、动力条件进行了诊断分析,并与历史同期对比,探讨海温异常对乌拉尔山阻塞高压和南海、孟加拉湾偏南风异常的影响。结果表明：1）乌拉尔山阻塞高压前西北气流为连阴雨产生提供了冷空气条件,南海至我国东南沿海西南暖湿气流较常年明显偏强,两者在浙江构成切变线,造成水汽辐合上升,偏强的西风急流造成高层辐散增强,辐散区高度及位置对雨势大小起主导作用。2）热带OLR低值区在连阴雨雨势加大前的北传现象具有一定预报意义。垂直方向上连阴雨区上升运动与北侧下沉气流形成＂上暖下冷＂配置,冷空气的＂冷垫＂作用迫使暖湿气流抬升凝结。3）赤道中东太平洋冷海温异常和印尼附近暖海温异常使沃克环流加强,其上升气流向北输送构成连阴雨西南气流的一部分。另外,北太平洋海区海温正异常和中东太平洋海区海温负异常可能是乌拉尔山阻塞高压形成和维持的外强迫因素。  相似文献   

土壤湿度和地表反射率变化对中国北方气候影响的数值研究   总被引：20，自引：1，他引：20  

朱乾根  兰红平  沈桐立 《气象学报》1996,54(4):493-500

本文利用ＯＳＵ两层大气环流模式来考察土壤湿度和地表反射率变化对中国北方气候的影响。在（３０—４６°Ｎ，９０—１２０°Ｅ）的区域上进行了３个试验，结果表明干土壤对我国东部季风区和西部非季风区有不同的影响特征。高反射率造成降水减少。并指出地表过程的作用可能是经常发生在华北的春夏连旱现象的重要原因之一。  相似文献   

在役公路梁式桥综合震害等级预测研究          下载免费PDF全文

樊燕燕  李江龙  李子奇 《地震工程学报》2021,43(4):951-957

为客观预测在役公路梁式桥综合震害状况,考虑在役桥梁在运营期存在的病害问题,从压力和承压两方面建立在役公路梁式桥综合震害预测评价指标体系。以桥梁作为承灾体,建立在役公路梁式桥综合震害物元可拓模型,运用熵权法进行赋权,确定桥梁的综合震害状况。以一座在役梁式桥为例,运用上述模型确定算例的综合震害状况。研究结果表明,该桥的综合震害等级为Ⅲ级,破坏等级中等,且根据结果分析影响桥梁震害程度的主要影响因素;该模型通过对多个指标关联系数的综合分析来评价在役梁式桥的综合震害等级,极大地提高了该模型评估的准确率及可靠性,为桥梁震害等级的预测提供一定的参考,对提升桥梁综合抗震能力具有积极意义。  相似文献   

人工主余震作用下桥墩结构损伤预测评估分析          下载免费PDF全文

李喜梅  李明睿  母渤海 《地震工程学报》2021,43(6):1402-1408

主余震作用下,断层距（R_JB）和余震次数的不同对结构造成的损伤也大不相同,进行主余震序列下桥梁损伤评估时需要考虑断层距、余震次数等影响因素。基于OpenSees平台,以一座连续梁桥为例,根据人工主余震构造时不同的影响因素,选用余震衰减和PGA调幅的人工主余震构造法构造主余震序列进行结构损伤分析,并与实际主余震事件的损伤结果作对比,研究人工构造主余震序列预测结构损伤的可行性。结果表明：基于PGA调幅构造主余震的方法,当考虑余震衰减时,能够较好模拟出结构在实际主余震地震作用下造成的最终损伤,能够较合理的预测结构在实际主余震序列中的损伤指标;对区域主余震作用下的桥梁进行损伤评估时,需要考虑断层距和余震次数影响因素,桥梁距断层距R_JB越近时结构的损伤状态越严重,余震发生次数越多则结构的损伤增量就越大,并且结构在人工主余震作用下R_JB越大的地方,结构损伤增量误差程度越小,预测的损伤状态就越接近实际的损伤状态。  相似文献