Scientific field training for human planetary exploration     

D.S.S. Lim  G.L. Warman  C.P. McKay  M.M. Marinova  D. Andersen  Z. Cardman  M.D. Delaney  A.L. Forrest  B.E. Laval  P. Nuytten  M. Reay  D. Schulze-Makuch  G.F. Slater 《Planetary and Space Science》2010,58(6):920-930

Forthcoming human planetary exploration will require increased scientific return (both in real time and post-mission), longer surface stays, greater geographical coverage, longer and more frequent EVAs, and more operational complexities than during the Apollo missions. As such, there is a need to shift the nature of astronauts’ scientific capabilities to something akin to an experienced terrestrial field scientist. To achieve this aim, the authors present a case that astronaut training should include an Apollo-style curriculum based on traditional field school experiences, as well as full immersion in field science programs. Herein we propose four Learning Design Principles (LDPs) focused on optimizing astronaut learning in field science settings. The LDPs are as follows:

(1)

LDP#1: Provide multiple experiences: varied field science activities will hone astronauts’ abilities to adapt to novel scientific opportunities

(2)

LDP#2: Focus on the learner: fostering intrinsic motivation will orient astronauts towards continuous informal learning and a quest for mastery

(3)

LDP#3: Provide a relevant experience—the field site: field sites that share features with future planetary missions will increase the likelihood that astronauts will successfully transfer learning

(4)

LDP#4: Provide a social learning experience—the field science team and their activities: ensuring the field team includes members of varying levels of experience engaged in opportunities for discourse and joint problem solving will facilitate astronauts’ abilities to think and perform like a field scientist.

The proposed training program focuses on the intellectual and technical aspects of field science, as well as the cognitive manner in which field scientists experience, observe and synthesize their environment. The goal of the latter is to help astronauts develop the thought patterns and mechanics of an effective field scientist, thereby providing a broader base of experience and expertise than could be achieved from field school alone. This will enhance their ability to execute, explore and adapt as in-field situations require.  相似文献   

虚拟地理环境研究进展与理论框架   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

龚建华  周洁萍  张利辉 《地球科学进展》2010,25(9):915-926

阐述虚拟地理环境的形成、发展与研究现状,并从"虚拟现实技术"与"虚拟现实"的相互关系探讨虚拟地理环境基本概念.从基本思想、系统结构、在线参与者社会组织水平、与GIS/数字地球的关系等角度,分析虚拟地理环境的特征.从数据、模型、表现以及协同4个方面,讨论了虚拟地理环境系统建设的关键技术与研究前沿.尝试建立了一个虚拟地理环境基本理论初步研究框架,认为在地理哲学思想层次应该重点研究复杂性人地系统、地理虚/实关系论、地理/遥感信息本体论,在地理/地理信息科学层次需要重点研究地理认知与思维、地理相似原理、地理计算模拟;同时讨论虚拟地理环境与面向"人"的地理信息科学、基于虚拟地理环境地理科学方法论,以及可计算人地关系的相关理论问题.  相似文献   

滨海蓝碳碳汇项目开发现状及推动我国蓝碳碳汇项目开发的建议          下载免费PDF全文

陈光程  王静  许方宏  杨袁筱月  范敏  黄山枫  王振阳  杨彪  聂曦  陈顺洋  张晶  陈彬 《应用海洋学学报》2022,41(2):177-184

市场机制是实现蓝碳及蓝碳生态系统价值的有效途径,对于发挥蓝碳生态系统在应对气候变化方面的作用具有积极意义。本文梳理了当前碳市场中蓝碳碳汇项目的发展机遇和项目开发的现状,并就我国蓝碳碳汇项目开发面临的问题进行分析并提出建议,以期为推进蓝碳碳汇项目开发和市场发展提供科学参考。当前,清洁发展机制（Clean Development Mechanism, CDM）和核证碳标准（Verified Carbon Standard, VCS）都已开发了蓝碳碳汇项目或可用于蓝碳碳汇项目的方法学,并开发了多个CDM、VCS和Plan Vivo Standard认证的红树林碳汇项目。我国已成功开发并交易了首个蓝碳碳汇项目“湛江红树林造林项目”,并且将继续推动蓝碳碳汇项目的开发和交易市场的发展。但我国在碳汇项目开发上存在项目规模小、证明项目额外性时具有一定的不确定性、蓝碳资源管理机构作为碳减排量所有者和交易主体自主支配碳汇收益受到限制等不利因素。对此,建议可通过加强营造蓝碳碳汇项目开发的良好环境,充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用以及政府的引导作用,吸引社会资本参与生态保护修复,鼓励社会资金投资或购买项目生产的效益,拓宽蓝碳生态系统保护修复资金渠道等措施,推进我国蓝碳碳汇交易市场的发展。  相似文献   

2001—2021年黄河流域农业科技园区的时空格局及影响因素     

李炬霖  李同昇  杨林朋  宋琼  赵孟丽 《地理研究》2023,42(1):191-208

探究农业科技园区的时空格局及影响因素对于优化园区布局、促进区域农业高质量发展具有重要意义。本文以黄河流域国家和省级农业科技园区为对象,采用标准差椭圆、核密度估计、探索性空间数据分析、空间变差函数、地理探测器模型等方法,分析了2001—2021年园区时空格局、演化特征及影响因素。结果发现：(1)农业科技园区经历了试点建设（2001—2009年）、全面推广（2010—2016年）和创新提质（2017—2021年）3个阶段。(2) 2001—2021年国家和省级园区总体分布态势逐渐一致,已经形成了河湟谷地、关中平原和黄河下游冲积平原3个主要集中分布区。(3)国家和省级园区全局关联特征表现不同,前者空间关联从随机模式向集聚模式转变,后者则一直表现为集聚模式;局部关联格局则均表现为“同向集聚增强,异向集聚减弱”的特点。(4)国家和省级园区格局演化均同时受结构性和随机性因素影响,包括产业结构水平、经济实力基础、交通便捷度、专利授权件数、农作物种植规模等主要因素,各因素间的交互作用大于单因素的作用,特别是产业结构水平与交通便捷度、经济实力基础与交通便捷度交互作用最为突出。本研究有助于丰富和完善农业科...  相似文献   

面向治理的地理学发展刍议     

罗燊  叶超 《地理学报》2023,78(1):241-255

“四个面向”（面向世界科技前沿、面向经济主战场、面向国家重大需求、面向人民生命健康）已成为新时代中国科学发展的指针。治理是一个反映“四个面向”的国际前沿研究领域,也是地理学和其他学科研究的焦点。围绕地理学如何应对治理这一关键问题,基于人地耦合的理念,系统梳理国内外地理学进行治理研究的轨迹与特点,从价值、思想、方法、技术4个维度发掘面向治理的地理学发展路径,紧密联系地理学发展动态及治理现代化的实践,从基础研究、平台建设、人才培育3个方面提出发展策略。提升中国地理学在国际治理研究中的影响力,促进地理学与其他学科的交叉融合,将自然与人文有机结合的理念应用于社会治理,增进居民福祉,并服务国家战略和区域可持续发展。  相似文献   

The Econo-techno-social Design of Invasive Animal Management: costs and benefits or beneficiaries and benefactors?     

Carla Meurk 《The Australian geographer》2014,45(1):37-52

This paper examines invasive animal management institutions, using theories at the interstices of anthropology and geography, to question current approaches to management based on neoclassical and neoliberal economic rationales. I present an analysis of two feral pig management regimes in Far North Queensland, Australia: (i) bounty systems of payment for feral pig control; and (ii) a community-based feral pig trapping program. I show how these management methods reshape important social and cultural processes through their overlapping technological and economic elements. On the basis of this analysis, I propose a conceptual framework for invasive animal management planning that incorporates a beneficiary–benefactor analysis alongside cost–benefit analyses. I argue that ecological-economic theories of pest management may be usefully enhanced by addressing the links between economic and social behaviours.  相似文献   

The Value of Practice-Based Knowledge     

Edward P. Weber  Jill M. Belsky  Denise Lach  Antony S. Cheng 《社会与自然资源》2014,27(10):1074-1088

Increasing recognition of the value of practice-based or experiential knowledge in natural resource management justifies the creation of a new category of articles in Society & Natural Resources that we are calling Practice-Based Knowledge (PBK). The rationale for focusing on PBK is due to its key role in the emergence of hybrid governance institutions across state, market, and civil society, understanding the complexity of dynamic socioecological systems, recognizing the challenges of multiple knowledge systems and context-specific practices, embracing the power of informal institutions and civic science, and engaging debates on the growing prevalence of market-oriented conservation. The goal is to provide a dedicated space within the published, peer-reviewed literature for scholars, government officials, nonprofit managers, and engaged citizens to share experiences informed by practical action. Relevant and timely practice-based insights may improve understanding and management of social and ecological processes and systems, while also offering the potential to contribute to theory.  相似文献   

中国科技资源配置效率测度及其时空格局演变特征(英文)     

范斐  杜德斌  王馨竹 《地理学报(英文版)》2014,24(3):492-508

According to the connotation and structure of science and technology resources and some relevant data of more than 286 cities at prefecture level and above during 2001–2010, using modified method—Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA), science and technology(ST) resource allocation efficiency of different cities in different periods has been figured out, which, uncovers the distributional difference and change law of ST resource allocation efficiency from the time-space dimension. Based on that, this paper has analyzed and discussed the spatial distribution pattern and evolution trend of ST resource allocation efficiency in different cities by virtue of the Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis(ESDA). It turned out that:(1) the average of ST resource allocation efficiency in cities at prefecture level and above has always stayed at low levels, moreover, with repeated fluctuations between high and low, which shows a decreasing trend year by year. Besides, the gap between the East and the West is widening.(2) The asymmetrical distribution of ST resource allocation efficiency presents a spatial pattern of successively decreasing from Eastern China, Central China to Western China. The cities whose ST resource allocation efficiency are at higher level and high level take on a cluster distribution, which fits well with the 23 forming urban agglomerations in China.(3) The coupling degree between ST resource allocation efficiency and economic environment assumes a certain positive correlation, but not completely the same. The differentiation of ST resource allocation efficiency is common in regional development, whose existence and evolution are directly or indirectly influenced by and regarded as the reflection of many elements, such as geographical location, the natural endowment and environment of ST resources and so on.(4) In the perspective of the evolution of spatial structure, ST resource allocation efficiency of the cities at prefecture level and above shows a notable spatial autocorrelation, which in every period presents a positive correlation. The spatial distribution of ST resource allocation efficiency in neighboring cities seems to be similar in group, which tends to escalate stepwise. Meanwhile, the whole differentiation of geographical space has a diminishing tendency.(5) Viewed from LISA agglomeration map ofST resource allocation efficiency in different periods, four agglomeration types have changed differently in spatial location and the range of spatial agglomeration. And the continuity of ST resource allocation efficiency in geographical space is gradually increasing.  相似文献   

Making a Mark: a computational and visual analysis of one researcher’s intellectual domain     

André Skupin 《International journal of geographical information science》2014,28(6):1209-1232

Dr. David Mark is widely regarded as a path-breaking researcher in geographic information science. What are the structural and temporal characteristics of his intellectual contributions, as seen through the eyes of the broader academic community? Aiming to answer that question, this article presents a scientometric analysis of publications that have been cited alongside David Mark’s papers. In deliberate contrast to the widespread focus on using citation data to condense scientific impact into a handful of indicators, the methodological contribution of this study lies in its mix of computational and visualization approaches. In the search for latent domain structures, state-of-the-art practices in information science, bibliometrics, and network visualization are combined and extended. An initial network of 50,000+ publications and 4,000,000+ document co-citations undergoes a series of transformations reducing it to 9000 publications that are then clustered in a two-stage process, leading to 678 communities whose co-citation linkages are used to delineate 19 super-communities. To enable replication of this approach for other studies, much focus in this article is on detailed discussion of that workflow as well as on highlighting the reasoning behind the choices made among data sources and analytical methods. The topical evolution of David Mark’s domain of influence is explored in some detail, based on tabular and graphic representations of extracted community structures. Results confirm not only the enormous overall breadth of his influence but also how lasting and recurrent it has been in some areas.  相似文献   

基于指标规范值的海水水质评价的SVR模型   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

梁晓龙  李祚泳  汪嘉杨 《成都信息工程学院学报》2014,(2):208-212

为了建立具有普适通用的海水水质评价的支持向量机模型,在设置各指标参照值和指标规范变换式,并对指标进行规范变换的基础上,应用免疫进化优化算法,建立基于指标规范值的海水水质评价的回归支持向量机模型。将优化好的模型用于珠江口海水水质的评价,其评价结果与BP神经网络的评价结果基本一致,从而表明基于指标规范值的支持向量机模型用于海水水质评价是可行的,且该模型较传统的支持向量机评价模型具有较好的普适性和通用性。  相似文献