Fe isotope fractionation in iron meteorites: New insights into metal-sulphide segregation and planetary accretion     

H.M. Williams  A. Markowski  G. Quitt  A.N. Halliday  N. Teutsch  S. Levasseur 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2006,250(3-4):486-500

Magmatic iron meteorites are considered to be remnants of the metallic cores of differentiated asteroids, and may be used as analogues of planetary core formation. The Fe isotope compositions (δ^57/54Fe) of metal fractions separated from magmatic and non-magmatic iron meteorites span a total range of 0.39‰, with the δ^57/54Fe values of metal fractions separated from the IIAB irons (δ^57/54Fe 0.12 to 0.32‰) being significantly heavier than those from the IIIAB (δ^57/54Fe 0.01 to 0.15‰), IVA (δ^57/54Fe − 0.07 to 0.17‰) and IVB groups (δ^57/54Fe 0.06 to 0.14‰). The δ^57/54Fe values of troilites (FeS) separated from magmatic and non-magmatic irons range from − 0.60 to − 0.12‰, and are isotopically lighter than coexisting metal phases. No systematic relationships exist between metal-sulphide fractionation factor (Δ^57/54Fe_M-FeS = δ^57/54Fe_metal − δ^57/54Fe_FeS) metal composition or meteorite group, however the greatest Δ^57/54Fe_M-FeS values recorded for each group are strikingly similar: 0.79, 0.63, 0.76 and 0.74‰ for the IIAB, IIIAB, IAB and IIICD irons, respectively. Δ^57/54Fe_M-FeS values display a positive correlation with kamacite bandwidth, i.e. the most slowly-cooled meteorites, which should be closest to diffusive equilibrium, have the greatest Δ^57/54Fe_M-FeS values. These observations provide suggestive evidence that Fe isotopic fractionation between metal and troilite is dominated by equilibrium processes and that the maximum Δ^57/54Fe_M-FeS value recorded (0.79 ± 0.09‰) is the best estimate of the equilibrium metal-sulphide Fe isotope fractionation factor. Mass balance models using this fractionation factor in conjunction with metal δ^57/54Fe values and published Fe isotope data for pallasites can explain the relatively heavy δ^57/54Fe values of IIAB metals as a function of large amounts of S in the core of the IIAB parent body, in agreement with published experimental work. However, sequestering of isotopically light Fe into the S-bearing parts of planetary cores cannot explain published differences in the average δ^57/54Fe values of mafic rocks and meteorites derived from the Earth, Moon and Mars and 4-Vesta. The heavy δ^57/54Fe value of the Earth's mantle relative to that of Mars and 4-Vesta may reflect isotopic fractionation due to disproportionation of ferrous iron present in the proto-Earth mantle into isotopically heavy ferric iron hosted in perovskite, which is released into the magma ocean, and isotopically light native iron, which partitions into the core. This process cannot take place at significant levels on smaller planets, such as Mars, as perovskite is only stable at pressures > 23 GPa. Interestingly, the average δ^57/54Fe values of mafic terrestrial and lunar samples are very similar if the High-Ti mare basalts are excluded from the latter. If the Moon's mantle is largely derived from the impactor planet then the isotopically heavy signature of the Moon's mantle requires that the impacting planet also had a mantle with a δ^57/54Fe value heavier than that of Mars or 4-Vesta, which then implies that the impactor planet must have been greater in size than Mars.  相似文献   

全型垂直涡度倾向方程的另一导出形式     

陈忠明  何光碧  闵文彬 《气象科学》2006,26(4):365-369

地球大气运动同时满足牛顿第二定律与热力学第一定律,利用大气动力与热力方程对热力与动力变量的联系,直接将变形处理后的大气运动方程(涡度方程)与热力学方程结合起来,导出了显式包含热力与动力作用的全型垂直涡度倾向方程。  相似文献   

Identifying environmental impacts of underground construction   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Premadasa M. Attanayake  Matthew K. Waterman 《Hydrogeology Journal》2006,14(7):1160-1170

Dewatering of the groundwater resource and associated reduced flow of surface water features are potential negative impacts when constructing underground facilities. Little work has been done to develop methods for the early detection of environmental impacts on water resources where major underground construction is being undertaken. Recognizing this, prior to construction of two rock tunnels in the southwestern USA, a 3-year preconstruction program was implemented to monitor over 100 wells, springs, and streams in the project area that might be affected. This preconstruction monitoring phase has established data for a hydrologic reference which indicates a high degree of spatial and temporal variability. This variability must be accounted for when trying to identify construction-related impacts. The project area was subdivided into areas of similar characteristics based on geologic and hydrologic features. Measurements from features within each unit were then normalized and aggregated to derive a single representative flow parameter. This representative flow was then correlated to precipitation and major stream flow records to allow for a method of estimating unimpacted flow and groundwater levels during and after construction. Application of this method proved useful in determining and enabling a quick response to construction-related impacts.  相似文献   

Geomorphology of medium‐high mountains under changing human impact,from managed slopes to nature restoration: a study from the Sudetes,SW Poland     

Agnieszka Latocha  Piotr Migo&#x; 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2006,31(13):1657-1673

In the last few hundred years, medium‐high mountain geomorphic systems of the East Sudetes, central Europe, have evolved under varying human impacts and have shown distinctive behaviours, depending on the nature and intensity of human activities. The general trend within this period has been from initial disturbance brought about by the spread of agriculture, through managed rural landscapes in the 19th and early 20th century, to gradual restoration of natural conditions observed in the last few tens of years, concurrent with considerable population decline in the mountain valleys. Accelerated soil erosion was successfully mitigated by the introduction of agricultural terraces in the 19th century, and most sediment could have been stored within the slopes. The current phase of nature restoration is understood as a return to general slope stability, weak coupling between slopes and channels, and limited sediment transfer across and out of mountainous drainage basins, which typified most of the Holocene prior to human colonization. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Analytical expression between the impact damping ratio and the coefficient of restitution in the non‐linear viscoelastic model of structural pounding     

Robert Jankowski 《地震工程与结构动力学》2006,35(4):517-524

Earthquake‐induced structural pounding has been recently intensively studied with the help of different models of impact force. It has been verified through comparisons, that the non‐linear viscoelastic model may be considered somewhat the most accurate one among them. The aim of this short paper is to derive an approximating formula relating the impact damping ratio, as a parameter of the model mentioned, with a more widely used coefficient of restitution. The accuracy of the derived analytical formulation has been confirmed through the comparison with the results of numerical simulations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A Hertz contact model with non‐linear damping for pounding simulation     

Susendar Muthukumar  Reginald DesRoches 《地震工程与结构动力学》2006,35(7):811-828

This paper investigates the cogency of various impact models in capturing the seismic pounding response of adjacent structures. The analytical models considered include the contact force‐based linear spring, Kelvin and Hertz models, and the restitution‐based stereomechanical approach. In addition, a contact model based on the Hertz law and using a non‐linear hysteresis damper (Hertzdamp model) is also introduced for pounding simulation. Simple analytical approaches are presented to determine the impact stiffness parameters of the various contact models. Parameter studies are performed using two degree‐of‐freedom linear oscillators to determine the effects of impact modelling strategy, system period ratio, peak ground acceleration (PGA) and energy loss during impact on the system responses. A suite of 27 ground motion records from 13 different earthquakes is used in the analysis. The results indicate that the system displacements from the stereomechanical, Kelvin and Hertzdamp models are similar for a given coefficient of restitution, despite using different impact methodologies. Pounding increases the responses of the stiffer system, especially for highly out‐of‐phase systems. Energy loss during impact is more significant at higher levels of PGA. Based on the findings, the Hertz model provides adequate results at low PGA levels, and the Hertzdamp model is recommended at moderate and high PGA levels. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

西部及邻区两次强震序列的震级特征及其力学解释     

吕坚  张小涛  马广庆  靳玉科  张建国 《中国地震》2006,22(4):435-438

2001年11月14日中国西部青藏高原发生昆仑山口西8．1级强震，2003年9月27日新疆北部的中俄蒙交界再次发生7．9级强震，这两次特大地震时隔不到2年，引起了地震学界的广泛关注和深入研究。本文结合前人的地震震源破裂过程研究结果，利用物理学中的科里奥利力效应对这两次地震序列表现出的不同震级特征进行了一种可能的力学解释。  相似文献   

气象代码过渡及其对气象业务的影响     

高华云 《气象》2006,32(7):40-45

针对气象观测资料的代码过渡计划，简要介绍了气象代码的表示方法、WMO代码过渡实施方案及我国气象代码过渡的实施设想；着重分析了气象代码过渡阶段将对我国现有气象业务系统（包括观测系统、通讯传输系统和数据应用系统）所产生的影响，并提出了如何避免或减轻这种影响的一些思路和应对措施。  相似文献   

地貌成因中力的耦合律          下载免费PDF全文

高玄彧  李勇  白宪州 《沉积与特提斯地质》2006,26(2):30-33

本文提出了“地貌形成中力的耦合律”,认为地貌是在动力和反动力作用下形成、发展和演化。演化过程中,动力和反动力在偶合点处互相激活产生了循环前进式的多层次的地貌演化模式。  相似文献   

THE IMPACT OF INITIAL FORCED WIND ON THE PREDICTABILITY OF THE ZEBIAK-CANE COUPLED OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODEL     

岳彩军  陆维松  李清泉 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2006,12(1):67-75

With simultaneous observed sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA), the difference between NCEP/NCAR 925hPa reanalysis wind stress anomaly (NCEPWSA) and FSU wind stress anomaly (FSUWSA) is analyzed, and the prediction abilities of Zebiak-Cane coupled ocean-atmosphere model (ZC coupled model) with NCEPWSA and FSUWSA serving respectively as initialization wind are compared. The results are as follows. The distribution feature of NCEPWSA matches better with that of the observed SSTA than counterpart of FSUWSA both in 1980s and in 1990s; The ZC ocean model has a better skill under the forcing of NCEPWSA than that of FSUWSA, especially in 1990s. Meanwhile, the forecast abilities of the ZC coupled model in 1990s as well as in 1980s have been improved employing NCEPWSA as initialization wind instead of FSUWSA. Particularly, it succeeded in predicting 1997/1998 El Ni?o 6 to 8 months ahead; further analysis shows that on the antecedent and onset stages of the 1997/1998 El Ni?o event, the horizontal cold and warm distribution characteristics of the simulated SSTA from ZC ocean model, with NCEPWSA forcing compared to FSUWSA forcing, match better with counterparts of the corresponding observed SSTA, whereby providing better predication initialization conditions for ZC coupled model, which, in turn, is favorable to improve the forecast ability of the coupled model.  相似文献