Tailings fans and valley‐spur cutoffs created by hydraulic mining     

L. Allan James 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2004,29(7):869-882

Sand and gravel tailings from nineteenth century open‐pit hydraulic gold mines formed large alluvial fans at tributary con?uences in the northwestern Sierra Nevada, California. In the Bear River watershed, several of these fans were so large that they blocked main channels for decades. Some channels not only aggraded deeply, but also moved laterally and cut across the inner bends of valley spurs. Now locked in bedrock channels, these valley‐spur cutoffs impose local controls on geomorphic, hydraulic, and sedimentary processes. One cutoff has incised 25 m into bedrock over the past century (25 cm a^?1) with rapid initial incision rates of up to 50 cm a^?1 (1884–1890). Recognition of spur cutoffs in the geological record may help to identify large landslides and provide an analogue for a type of natural earth?ll dam spillway not prone to catastrophic failures. Tailing fans, valley‐spur cutoffs, and the sediment they trap are described from contemporary accounts and recent ?eld conditions in the Bear River watershed. These anthropogenic changes represent a major shift in the watershed from supply‐limited to transport‐limited sediment budgets and a change in geomorphic processes away from long‐term drainage evolution dominated by ingrown meanders. The large volumes of mining sediment stored in these landforms will be slowly released over the next millennium and could be signi?cant to contemporary ecological and public health issues due to recent ?ndings of high mercury loadings associated with hydraulic mines. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

An experimental study of rip channel flow   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Nils Drnen  Harshinie Karunarathna  Jrgen Fredse  B. Mutlu Sumer  Rolf Deigaard 《Coastal Engineering》2002,45(3-4)

A laboratory study of the flow over a bar with a single rip channel has been performed. First, the well-known pattern of a bar circulation cell with a strong offshore-directed current out through the rip channel and a weaker onshore-directed return flow over the bar is documented. Then measurements of the three-dimensional structure of the flow in the area where the rip channel, the bar and the trough meet and well inside the rip channel are presented. These measurements reveal that 3D effects play an important role, and that a depth-integrated viewpoint may not always be sufficient for predicting the flow in the near bed region. Particle-tracking experiments illustrate the near bed flow pattern over the entire area. These demonstrate how the overall trajectory pattern changes as a function of the distance of wave breaking from the bar crest: For some conditions, the rip current is fed from the trough and for other conditions it is fed directly from the bar. Both the 3D measurements and the trajectory tests show the existence of a weaker onshore-directed near-bed drift in the area where the rip current ceases. Finally, in a series of sensitivity tests, measurements of the rip current intensity for different wave climate and water level conditions reveal a strong correlation between the rip current intensity and the wave height (both normalized).  相似文献   

Effect of channel bifurcation on residual estuarine circulation: Winyah Bay, South Carolina     

Yong H. Kim  George Voulgaris 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2005,65(4):671-686

The residual circulation pattern of Winyah Bay, the fourth largest estuary on the eastern coast of the US, is examined using stationary and shipborne current measurements during periods of low freshwater discharge. The estuary has a complex morphology with a single channel and narrow banks at the river entrance and the bay mouth, and a bifurcated channel system (main and western channels, respectively) in the middle part that appears to affect the residual circulation.Overall, the upper (single channel morphology) and middle (dual-channel morphology) parts of the estuary exhibit a baroclinic residual circulation. The presence of bifurcated channels in the middle part of the estuary modifies the typical gravitational circulation. The near-bed landward-directed residual flow is stronger in the deeper main channel than the shallower western channel. This is the result of the fact that the magnitude of residual flow scales with the water depth of the channel and it is also influenced by the opposing patterns of channel alignment in the northern and southern junctions. Analytical modeling confirms that the observed residual currents in the upper and middle estuary are density-induced. In the lower estuary, residual flow is directed seaward throughout the water column of the channel while in the adjacent shoals the residual flow is directed landward, suggesting that in contrast to the upper and middle estuary, the residual flow near the mouth is barotropic, controlled by the tides and the channel-bank morphology.  相似文献   

Automated drainage extraction in mapping the Monterey submarine drainage system,California margin     

Lincoln F. Pratson  William B. F. Ryan 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1996,18(6):757-777

Drainage-extraction algorithms traditionally used for extracting river networks and watersheds from gridded land topography are applied to gridded multibeam bathymetry of the mid-California margin. The algorithms are used to automatically map two regional tributary networks of submarine canyons and deepsea channels draining Monterey Bay, the principal conduits of which are Acension and Monterey Canyons. The algorithms reliably map subaqueous drainage areas, but are prone to error in mapping the extent of submarine canyon and channel thalwegs due to operator subjectivity and algorithm limitations. A geomorphic comparison of the Acension and Monterey Canyon networks, with 12 river networks in the continental U.S., illustrates both the potential and weaknesses of using drainage extraction algorithms to analyze sediment pathways in gridded bathymetry.  相似文献   

Seismic facies analysis of Westphalian sequences of the southern North Sea     

David J. Evans  Alan Meneilly  Gordon Brown 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》1992,9(6)

Differing seismic facies are observed from within the Westphalian sequences of the southern North Sea. A review of published synthetic seismograms and seismic data from known coal-bearing basins establishes seismic facies types and their relationships. Similar reflection character is recognized from Westphalian sequences in the southern North Sea and lithologies confirmed by borehole information. Probable sand/silt or clastic-prone Upper Coal Measures (Westphalian C/D) stages and coal-prone Lower and Middle Coal Measures (Westphalian A, B and part C) stages can be defined and mapped, providing information on the regional distribution of source and reservoir rocks and stratigraphic plays. It is suggested that sand-prone channel complexes or clastic dominated areas within the mainly A/B stages can be recognized and mapped, providing information on migration pathways and stratigraphic plays.  相似文献   

Quasi-three-dimensional modelling of the morphology of longshore bars     

N. Drønen  R. Deigaard 《Coastal Engineering》2007

A morphological quasi-three-dimensional (Q3D) area model for barred coasts has been developed. The model combines a two-dimensional depth integrated model for wave-driven currents with a model for undertow circulation currents. The combined model makes a simultaneous simulation of the bar-forming processes associated with the undertow and the horizontal wave-driven circulation currents, which may cause instabilities of the bar and the formation of rip channels. Situations with normal and oblique wave incidence are considered. Compared to the depth integrated approach the Q3D model produces less pronounced alongshore irregularities for obliquely incident waves. For normal incident waves the Q3D model produces a crescentic bar while the depth integrated model predicts almost straight sections of the bar interrupted by rip channels. The sensitivity to variation of wave angle and beach slope is further investigated.  相似文献   

双偏振天气雷达水平和垂直通道回波对比     

何田勇  胡明宝  艾未华  陈楠 《气象科学》2019,39(3):368-376

本文针对南京溧水S波段双偏振多普勒天气雷达获取的回波I/Q信号,采用FFT算法处理水平和垂直通道I/Q数据,分别得到水平和垂直通道回波的强度、速度值,定性分析了两通道回波强度、速度数据差异,引入平均差及均方根误差参数做定量分析。对比结果表明:两通道I/Q数据处理得到的回波层次分布基本一致;两通道速度数据差异较小,强度数据差异较大。以水平通道回波数据为基准,当回波强度小于16 dBz时,水平通道强度偏小,这可能是由云系边缘较小的针状冰晶所致;当回波强度大于32 dBz时,水平通道强度值偏大,且随回波强度的增加两通道强度差值增大,这反映了强降水中大粒子较多,而粒子越大,降落过程中扁平程度越大;两通道回波强度的差值与回波强度大小呈现一定相关性,这可能反映了单偏振天气雷达在定量测量降水中精度不高,通过双偏振雷达联合利用两通道数据有望改善雷达定量测量降水精度,提升雷达定量估测降水能力。  相似文献   

淹没植物明渠床面冲淤及其对水流运动的影响          下载免费PDF全文

赵汗青  唐洪武  闫静  戴会超  刘志武 《水科学进展》2021,32(2):250-258

植物的存在改变了河流水动力特性,造成独特的床面冲淤态势。利用实验室水槽模拟含淹没植物的河道,对床面形态和紊流统计特性参数进行测量,研究不同类型紊流作用下的床面冲淤特征以及床面起伏对流动的影响。结果表明:床面剪切紊流条件下,床面形态为马蹄坑-沙沟/沙脊与沙波复合分布,床面变形加剧了流速沿水深不均匀分布并促进水流动量交换;在自由剪切混合层紊流条件下,床面形态为植物根部马蹄形冲坑及其后方沙沟、沙脊交错分布,床面变形对流动的影响并不显著;“类二重紊流”条件下,床面形态同样表现为马蹄坑-沙沟/沙脊-沙波复合,床面变形促进植物层内部的水流动量交换、抑制紊动清扫,抑制植物层外部的动量交换、促进紊动喷射。  相似文献   

Linking submarine channel–levee facies and architecture to flow structure of turbidity currents: insights from flume tank experiments     

《Sedimentology》2018,65(3):931-951

Submarine leveed channels are sculpted by turbidity currents that are commonly highly stratified. Both the concentration and the grain size decrease upward in the flow, and this is a fundamental factor that affects the location and grain size of deposits around a channel. This study presents laboratory experiments that link the morphological evolution of a progressively developing leveed channel to the suspended sediment structure of the turbidity currents. Previously, it was difficult to link turbidity current structure to channel–levee development because observations from natural systems were limited to the depositional products while experiments did not show realistic morphodynamics due to scaling issues related to the sediment transport. This study uses a novel experimental approach to overcome scaling issues, which results in channel inception and evolution on an initially featureless slope. Depth of the channel increased continuously as a result of levee aggradation combined with varying rates of channel floor aggradation and degradation. The resulting levees are fining upward and the grain‐size trend in the levee matches the upward decrease in grain size in the flow. It is shown that such deposit trends can result from internal channel dynamics and do not have to reflect upstream forcing. The suspended sediment structure can also be linked to the lateral transition from sediment bypass in the channel thalweg to sediment deposition on the levees. The transition occurs because the sediment concentration is below the flow capacity in the channel thalweg, while higher up on the channel walls the concentration exceeds capacity resulting in deposition of the inner levee. Thus, a framework is provided to predict the growth pattern and facies of a levee from the suspended sediment structure in a turbidity current.  相似文献   

伶仃洋茅洲河口滩槽演变水沙模拟及治导线优化          下载免费PDF全文

陆永军  莫思平  王志力  季荣耀  顾继一 《水科学进展》2019,30(6):770-780

为适应伶仃洋茅洲河口治理开发条件,以保证行洪顺畅为泄洪纳潮的首要原则,同时顺应水沙运动和河势发展规律,对河口进行治导线比选和优化。该河口治导线方案分单、双通道,两类通道不同扩宽率下设计有围填、围填加开挖2种方案,开展水动力泥沙数学模拟计算和物理模型试验。结果表明:河口治导线各方案对伶仃洋涨、落潮流速的影响范围主要集中在交椅湾及其附近海域;方案实施后,周边海区冲淤变化较小,未对河势造成不利影响;根据对水动力、河口泄洪、河势稳定影响的综合分析,单双通道相比较而言,对洪水位、纳潮量、高低潮位、流速、河床冲淤的影响规律具有较好的一致性,相同扩宽率下各方案的影响程度均在同量级。  相似文献