Filter-feeding ascidians (Ciona intestinalis) in a shallow cove: Implications of hydrodynamics for grazing impact     

Hans Ulrik Riisgård  Carsten Jürgensen  Torben Clausen 《Journal of Sea Research》1996,35(4):293-300

The grazing impact by a dense population of filter-feeding ascidians Ciona intestinalis on horizontally flowing water (driven by density circulation) in a shallow cove (Kertinge Nor, Denmark) has been described and quantified by means of a simple one-dimensional numerical model. The agreement between observations and modelled predictions was satisfactory. The applied numerical model has the following analytical solution in the idealized case: Cx = C₀e^−(fx/Y₂), where C_x = algal concentration at a downstream distance x, C₀ = initial concentration, f = F/v_c; F = area specific population filtration rate; v_c = current velocity; Y₂ = depth of mixed layer below halocline. The numerical model quantifies the actual grazing impact while the analytical model illustrates the governing physics in well-known terms. To describe situations with no current (i.e. stagnant water), we performed simulation studies in the laboratory and measured vertical profiles of algal cells over filter-feeding C. intestinalis. The results showed that phytoplankton became reduced in a near-bottom water layer of 20–30 cm thickness. Such water layers may develop in stagnant water (calm days and no advective currents), thus uncoupling the pelagic food and the filter feeders which within a short time will experience extremely meagre food conditions.  相似文献   

三亚湾夏秋两季微型浮游动物摄食研究     

苏强  黄良民  谭烨辉  王汉奎  董俊德  周伟华  胡友木 《海洋通报》2007,26(6):19-25

根据2005年8月和11月的调查资料,利用现场稀释法,以叶绿素a为检测对象,分别对三亚湾海区夏秋两季微型浮游动物的摄食情况进行研究。结果表明,夏秋两季浮游植物瞬时生长率(k)分别为0.9~1.32/d和1.81~3.30/d,而微型浮游动物的摄食率(g)则为0.85~1.79/d和1.29~2.57/d。对浮游植物现存量和初级生产力的摄食压力分别是,夏季为57.26%~83.30%和78.13%~140.38%,秋季为72.47%~92.35%和86.65%~97.90%。秋季微型浮游动物以微型浮游植物为其主要食物来源,其摄食率和对初级生产力的摄食压力最高,平均分别为1.09/d和107.98%;微型浮游植物的瞬时生长率也是最高的,平均为0.94/d,为浮游植物群体的主要组成部分。在三亚湾夏秋两季可把微型浮游动物作为控制浮游植物生长的重要影响因子之一,同时与秋季相比,夏季微型浮游动物在物质循环和能量流动方面起到更显著的作用。  相似文献   

Effects of food concentration and diet on chromophoric dissolved organic matter accumulation and fluorescent composition during grazing experiments with the copepod Calanus finmarchicus     

Urban-Rich  Juanita; McCarty  James T; Shailer  Mark 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2004,61(4):542-551

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台湾海峡南部夏季微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食压力及其生产力   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

曾祥波  黄邦钦 《台湾海峡》2006,25(1):1-9

2004年7~8月在台湾海峡南部的5个站位,用稀释法研究了浮游植物的生长率,微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食率及其生产力.微型浮游动物主要为无壳纤毛虫,尤其是急游虫类和侠盗虫类.浮游植物的生长率为0.52~0.72/d,浮游动物的摄食率为0.45~1.33/d,相当于每天摄食浮游植物现存量的36%~74%和初级生产力的88%~141%.微型浮游动物的次级生产力(MP02)为初级生产力的28.5%~58.4%.表明微型浮游动物在台湾海峡夏季海洋生态系统的能量流动中发挥着重要的作用.  相似文献   

Mesozooplankton size-fractionated metabolism and feeding off NW Spain during autumn: effects of a poleward current   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

Isla  Jose Alejandro; Anadon  Ricardo 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2004,61(4):526-534

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Resource Competition and Selective Grazing of Plankton in a Multispecies Pelagic Food Web Model*     

Roel Riegman  Bouwe R. Kuipers 《Marine Ecology》1994,15(2):153-164

Abstract. An idealized mathematical, multispecies model of the pelagic foodweb was used to explore the impact of resource competition, selective grazing, and species composition within each trophic level on the structure and functioning of a foodweb at a variety of light irradiance and nutrient levels. This concept is based on the general assumption that poorly edible species are poor competitors. The concept demonstrates that with increasing eutrophication, specialists in competition will be replaced by generalists and subsequently by poorly edible primary producers. Controlling factors not only determine the growth rate of primary producers but also select predators according to their ability to utilize the energy fixation of the system. Plankton community structure seems to adapt in such a way that the energy fixation rate of the system is optimized at a given set of nutrients and light. Red tides, dense algal blooms in shallow lakes and the varying results of biomanipulation in shallow lakes, can be explained by the concept of selective grazing. If this assumption is correct, the same ecosystem concept may be applicable for terrestrial ecosystems.  相似文献   

台湾海峡小型浮游动物的摄食对夏季藻华演替的影响   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3  

曾祥波  黄邦钦  陈纪新  洪华生 《海洋学报》2006,28(5):107-116

于2004年8月1~6日对台湾海峡南部近岸的藻华过程进行了定点连续跟踪观测,用稀释法研究了浮游植物的生长率和小型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食死亡率,同时运用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术,分析了浮游植物不同光合色素类群的生长率和摄食死亡率.结果表明,观测期间处于藻华的消退期.8月1日时,浮游植物生物量(叶绿素a)和丰度分别为2.04μg/dm3和2.99×105个/dm3,主要优势种为尖刺伪菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia pungens)、冰河拟星杆藻(Asterionellopsis glacialis)和中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum),8月6日时,浮游植物生物量和丰度分别减为0.37μg/dm3和1.54×104个/dm3;而蓝藻和甲藻的丰度和比例则呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,所占的比重分别从1日的0.04%和0.85%增加到6日的9.59%和41.97%.小型浮游动物主要由无壳纤毛虫、砂壳纤毛虫、红色中缢虫(Mesodinium rubrum)和异养甲藻等类群组成,总丰度于8月2日达到最大值,为3640个/dm3,之后逐渐减少,6日时,仅为436个/dm3.观测期间,小型浮游动物在群落组成上虽一直以无壳纤毛虫和异养甲藻为主,但在具体的类群结构上却表现出了一定的差异,30μm以下的无壳纤毛虫和异养甲藻总体呈下降的趋势,而红色中缢虫、砂壳纤毛虫和大于50μm的无壳纤毛虫总体呈增加的趋势.观测期间,浮游植物的生长率为0.40~0.91d-1,小型浮游动物的摄食率为0.26~1.34d-1,摄食率和生长率总体呈逐渐下降的趋势.结果还表明,小型浮游动物的摄食率与叶绿素a具有很好的相关性(R2=0.89),对各光合色素类群的现存量和初级生产力均具有较高的摄食压力(分别为37.97%~82.24%和70.71%~281.33%),是藻华消亡的重要原因之一;此外,小型浮游动物对甲藻和蓝藻的避食行为,可能是观测期间由“硅藻”水华向“硅藻-甲藻”水华转变的重要原因之一.  相似文献   

放牧制度对荒漠草原可萌发土壤种子库的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

闫瑞瑞  卫智军  辛晓平  刘红梅  杨静  乌仁其其格 《中国沙漠》2011,30(3):703-709

 以内蒙古苏尼特右旗短花针茅荒漠草原为研究对象,通过划区轮牧与自由放牧的比较试验,研究可萌发土壤种子库对不同放牧制度的响应。结果表明:①可萌发种子库物种组成在划区轮牧草地为11种,自由放牧草地为8种,封育禁牧区为9种,划区轮牧较自由放牧和禁牧有利于提高草地群落可萌发土壤种子库的植物种数以及多年生优良牧草;可萌发土壤种子库密度在封育禁牧区为(19 533.33±10 552.83)粒·m-2,划区轮牧区为(3 233.33±524.21)粒·m-2,自由放牧区为(2 553.60±2 152.48)粒·m-2,可萌发土壤种子库密度封育禁牧区显著高于划区轮牧区与自由放牧区,两放牧处理间无显著差异。②不同处理可萌发土壤种子库垂直分布有共同趋势, 有75.06%~83.19%分布在0~5 cm土层内,14.16%~21.68%分布在5~10 cm土层内,2.65%~4.90%分布在10~15 cm土层内,且不同土层可萌发土壤种子库密度均为封育禁牧区显著高于划区轮牧区与自由放牧区,两放牧处理间无显著差异。③划区轮牧区可萌发土壤种子库的丰富度指数和多样性指数高于自由放牧区。划区轮牧区和封育禁牧区可萌发土壤种子库组成的相似性系数最大,为0.857。  相似文献   

Influence of cattle grazing on population density and species richness of granivorous birds (Emberizidae) in the arid plain of the Monte, Argentina     

Jorge Marcelo Gonnet 《Journal of Arid Environments》2001,48(4):569

Cattle grazing is an important disturbance in the Monte plain, reducing grass biomass and rates of fruit setting. Grass seeds are the most important food for granivorous birds (Emberizidae) during winter. The objective of this study was to test whether granivorous bird populations (Emberizidae), grass seed production, and vegetation structure differed at sites with different intensities of grazing. Emberizid density and species richness were higher in the ungrazed site than in the two grazed paddocks. Seed abundance was also higher in ungrazed vs. grazed sites. Woody vegetation, that serve as safe nest sites, did not differ among treatments. Granivorous bird populations seemed to be affected by cattle grazing; however, the main mechanisms of this process remain unknown.  相似文献   

A thousand years of environmental change and human impact in the alpine zone at Mt Kosciusko,New South Wales     

T. de Salis  C. A. Myers   《The Australian geographer》1994,25(1):77-87

This study reconstructs erosion, productivity, fire and vegetation records at Club Lake, in the alpine zone of Kosciusko National Park (the highest mountain region in Australia), and uses them to compare the prehistoric and historic periods. While disturbance in the prehistoric period was found to be minimal and mainly activated by fire, the impact of land uses after European arrival initiated a change in the erosion and fire regime and brought new grazing animals and exotic plant species. These triggered temporal changes in eutrophication and the nature of erosion, and significant vegetation changes. There was a reduction in the stability and persistence of species representation, especially in herbfield vegetation, and little recovery is evident despite the cessation of summer grazing. It is apparent that the area is very sensitive to disturbance by human impact and large fires.  相似文献