Comparative study on rain splash erosion of representative soils in China   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Qinjuan Cheng  Qiangguo Cai  Wenjun Ma 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2008,18(2):155-161

As the first event of soil erosion, rain splash erosion supplies materials for subsequent transportation and entrainment. The Loess Plateau, the southern hilly region and the Northeast China are subject to serious soil and water loss; however, the characteristics of rain splash erosion in those regions are still unclear. The objectives of the study are to analyze the characteristics of splash erosion on loess soil, red soil, purple soil and black soil, and to discuss the relationship between splash erosion and soil properties. Soil samples spatially distributed in the abovementioned regions were collected and underwent simulated rainfalls at a high intensity of 1.2mm/min, lasting for 5, 10, 15, and 20min, respectively. Rain splash and soil crust development were analyzed. It shows that black soil sample from Heilongjiang Province corresponds to the minimum splash erosion amount because it has high aggregate content, aggregate stability and organic matter content. Loess soil sample from Inner Mongolia corresponds to the maximum splash erosion amount because it has high content of sand particles. Loess soil sample from Shanxi Province has relatively lower splash erosion amount because it has high silt particle content and low aggregate stability easily to be disrupted under rainfalls with high intensity. Although aggregate contents of red soil and purple soil samples from Hubei and Guangdong provinces are high, the stability is weak and prone to be disrupted, so the splash erosion amount is medium. Splash rate which fluctuates over time is observed because soil crust development follows a cycling processes of formation and disruption. In addition, there are two locations of soil crust development, one appears at the surface, and the other occurs at the subsurface.  相似文献   

A portable rainfall simulator for field assessment of splash and slopewash in remote locations   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Michelle A. Clarke  Rory P. D. Walsh 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2007,32(13):2052-2069

This paper describes the design, operation and performance of a field‐portable ‘drip‐type’ simulator and erosion measurement system. The system was constructed specifically for soil erosion research in the humid tropics and has been used extensively in Malaysian Borneo. The simulator is capable of producing replicable storms of up to 200 mm h^?1 intensity and 20–30 minutes duration with a drop‐size distribution close to that of natural storms of such intensity (D₅₀ of simulated rainfall is 4·15 mm at 200 mm h^?1 and 3·65 mm at 160 mm h^?1, D⁵⁰ measured during natural rainfall = 3·25 mm). The simulator is portable and simply constructed and operates without a motor or electronics, thus making it particularly useful in remote, mountainous areas. The erosion measurement system allows assessment of: (1) rainsplash detachment and net downslope transport from the erosion plot; (2) slopewash (erosion transported by overland flow); and (3) infiltration capacity and overland flow. The performance of the simulator–erosion system compared with previous systems is assessed with reference to experiments carried out in primary and regenerating tropical rainforest at Danum Valley (Malaysian Borneo). The system was found to compare favourably with previous field simulators, producing a total storm kinetic energy of 727 J m^?2 (over a 20‐minute storm event) and a kinetic energy rate of 0·61 J m^?2 s^?1, approximately half that experienced on the ground during a natural rainfall event of similar intensity, despite the shorter distance to the ground. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Downslope soil detachment–transport on steep slopes via rain splash     

Afshin Ghahramani  Yoshiharu Ishikawa  Takashi Gomi  Shusuke Miyata 《水文研究》2011,25(15):2471-2480

This study developed a one‐dimensional model of downslope rain splash transport based on field experiments and previous studies. The developed model considers soil detachment processes, ground cover, probability densities, and the effect of overland run‐off in preventing detachment. Field monitoring was conducted to observe precipitation run‐off, ground cover, and sediment production on steep hillslopes. Field‐observed data were used to develop the splash detachment rate equation, probability densities for splash transport, and the maximum splash transport distance. Observed and estimated splash transport showed overall agreement, with some differences for small storm events or events with relatively low intensity, probably caused by variation of overland run‐off depth and connectivity as well as differences in soil surface cohesion at various degrees of wetness. Our model can provide insights on the interactions among rainfall intensity, soil surface condition, soil wetness, and splash transport on forested hillslopes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

海洋潮汐浪溅区混凝土表面氯离子浓度计算模型   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

蔡荣  杨绿峰  余波 《海洋工程》2014,32(5):25-33

海洋混凝土结构的表面氯离子浓度反映了海洋氯化物环境的腐蚀作用强度,是海洋混凝土结构耐久性分析和定量设计的重要参数。本文依据国内外不同地区的大量自然暴露试验数据,通过数理统计和回归分析,确定了各种海洋环境条件下表面氯离子浓度的统计特征值,分析了海洋潮汐浪溅区混凝土中氯离子的传输机理和积聚规律,揭示了水胶比对混凝土表面氯离子浓度的影响规律,进而综合考虑水胶比、胶凝材料种类和时变特性等因素的影响,建立了海洋潮汐浪溅区混凝土表面氯离子浓度的改进计算模型。结合国内外各种表面氯离子浓度经验模型的预测结果和海洋自然暴露试验的实测数据,对比验证了所建立表面氯离子浓度计算模型的有效性和适用性,为海洋氯化物环境下混凝土结构的耐久性设计和服役寿命分析提供了重要边界条件。  相似文献   

滴状流条件下非饱和交叉裂隙分流机制研究     

薛松  杨志兵  李东奇  陈益峰 《岩土力学》2021,(1):59-67

交叉裂隙作为裂隙网络的基本结构是控制场地尺度非饱和渗流特性的关键。随着流量的减小,交叉裂隙非饱和渗流将从连续、稳定的线状流转变为非连续、非稳定的滴状流,但目前对后者的研究还很少。在滴状流条件下,开展了交叉裂隙非饱和流动特性的理论和试验研究,发现了交叉裂隙滴状流存在毛细力驱动以及重力与毛细力联合驱动两种分流驱动模式。基于瞬态静力平衡方法,提出了一套液滴分流理论及计算模型,实现了动态分流过程的定量化描述与预测。结合模型预测与可视化试验,详细探究了两种模式下液滴的分流过程,阐明了动态分流行为受重力、毛细力、黏滞力共同控制的细观机制,并揭示了液滴长度、裂隙倾角、通道中液体的累积等因素对界面流速、分流体积比例的影响。研究成果为低流量、低饱和度条件下非饱和裂隙岩体渗流的预测与控制提供了理论及试验支撑。  相似文献   

Evolution of droplets in subsea oil and gas blowouts: Development and validation of the numerical model VDROP-J   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Lin Zhao  Michel C. Boufadel  Scott A. Socolofsky  Eric Adams  Thomas King  Kenneth Lee 《Marine pollution bulletin》2014

The droplet size distribution of dispersed phase (oil and/or gas) in submerged buoyant jets was addressed in this work using a numerical model, VDROP-J. A brief literature review on jets and plumes allows the development of average equations for the change of jet velocity, dilution, and mixing energy as function of distance from the orifice. The model VDROP-J was then calibrated to jets emanating from orifices ranging in diameter, D, from 0.5 mm to 0.12 m, and in cross-section average jet velocity at the orifice ranging from 1.5 m/s to 27 m/s. The d₅₀/D obtained from the model (where d₅₀ is the volume median diameter of droplets) correlated very well with data, with an R² = 0.99. Finally, the VDROP-J model was used to predict the droplet size distribution from Deepwater Horizon blowouts. The droplet size distribution from the blowout is of great importance to the fate and transport of the spilled oil in marine environment.  相似文献   

Estimation of temporal variation in splash detachment in two Japanese cypress plantations of contrasting age     

Y. Wakiyama  Y. Onda  K. Nanko  S. Mizugaki  Y. Kim  H. Kitahara  H. Ono 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2010,35(9):993-1005

To elucidate splash erosion processes under natural rainfall conditions, temporal variations in splash detachment were observed using a piezoelectric saltation sensor (H11B; Sensit Co., Portland, ND, USA). Preliminary laboratory tests of Sensit suggested that they were suitable for field observations. Field observations were conducted between July and September 2006 in 21‐ and 36‐year‐old Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) plantations with mean stand heights of 9·2 m and 17·4 m, respectively. Splash detachment (in g m^?2) was measured seven times using splash cups, and raindrop kinetic energy (in J m^?2 mm^?1) in both stands was measured using laser drop‐sizing (LD) gauges. Sensit was installed to record saltation counts, which were converted to temporal data of splash detachment (splash rate; in g m^?2 10 min^?1) using the relationship between splash detachment and saltation counts. Surface runoff was monitored using runoff plots of 0·5 m width and 2·0 m length to obtain temporal data of flow depth (in millimeters). Both total splash detachment and raindrop kinetic energy were larger in the older stand. Increased splash rates per unit throughfall were found in both stands after rainless durations longer than approximately one day in both stands. However, a lower splash rate was found in the 21‐year stand after rainfall events. During extreme rainstorms, the 21‐year stand showed a low runoff rate and a decline in the splash rate, while the 36‐year stand showed a higher splash rate and increased flow depth. The piezoelectric sensor proved to be a useful means to elucidate splash erosion processes in field conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Experimental determination of HONO mass accommodation coefficients using two different techniques   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

A. Bongartz  J. Kames  U. Schurath  Ch. George  Ph. Mirabel  J. L. Ponche 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1994,18(2):149-169

The mass accommodation coefficient _HONO of gaseous nitrous acid on water surfaces has been determined in a cooperation between the Universities of Strasbourg and Bonn. The droplet train technique (Strasbourg) yielded 0.04<_HONO<0.09 for an estimated surface temperature of 245 K, while the liquid jet technique (Bonn) yielded 0.03<_HONO<0.15 for a surface temperature of 297 K. The uncertainty ranges allow for experimental scatter and estimated uncertainties in diffusion coefficients. The same HONO source and analytical equipment were used for both experiments, which were run in parallel. The results indicate that the exchange rate of HONO between atmospheric water droplets and interstitial air is not inhibited by interfacial resistance.  相似文献   

海气界面浪沫中泡沫液滴的尺寸分布   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

薛社生  田纪伟  徐德伦 《海洋与湖沼》2001,32(1):88-93

基于液团断裂、粉碎的原理研究浪沫中泡沫液滴的生成，描述了高风速下，波峰被风撕裂产生泡沫液滴的瞬态断裂特性，并基于液团破碎过程局部动能与表面能的能量最小原则，导出了泡沫液滴平均尺寸表达式。其中液滴的产生高度取有效波振幅，风速满足对数廓线分布。研究发现，液滴半径与海水粘性系数、密度、表面张力及风速有关，并与风速的－4／3次幂成正比。  相似文献   

Water flux and sediment transport within a forested landscape: the role of connectivity,subsurface flow,and slope length scale on transport mechanism     

Afshin Ghahramani  Yoshiharu Ishikawa 《水文研究》2013,27(26):4091-4102

The connectivity and upscaling of overland runoff and sediment transport are important issues in hillslope hydrology to identify water flux and sediment transport within landscape. These processes are highly variable in time and space with regard to their interactions with vegetation and soil surface conditions. The generation of overland runoff and its spatial connectivity were examined along a slope to determine the variations in the transport mechanism of runoff and soil particles by rain splash and overland runoff. Field experiments were conducted by erosion plots on a steep hillslope at lengths of 5, 10, and 15 m. The overland runoff connectivity and flow transport distance decreased with the slope length, while spatial variability of infiltration increased significantly with the slope length. Observation of subsurface flow revealed that surface soil and litter layer could have important role in water transport. However, the surface soil water content and water flux transport along the slope was highly variable for different storm events; the variability was related to the complexity of the system, mainly by way of the initial wetness conditions and infiltration characteristics. Only net rain‐splashed soil was measurable, but examination of the water flux, overland runoff and sediment transport connectivity, characteristics of sheetwash, and the variability in spatial infiltration indicated an increase in the contribution of the rain splash transport mechanism along the slope. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献