Evaporation and the subcanopy energy environment in a flooded forest          下载免费PDF全文

Scott T. Allen  Michele L. Reba  Brandon L. Edwards  Richard F. Keim 《水文研究》2017,31(16):2860-2871

The combination of tree canopy cover and a free water surface makes the subcanopy environment of flooded forested wetlands unlike other aquatic or terrestrial systems. Subcanopy vapour fluxes and energy budgets represent key controls on water level and understorey climate but are not well understood. In a permanently flooded forest in south‐eastern Louisiana, USA, an energy balance approach was used to address (a) whether evaporation from floodwater under a forest canopy is solely energy limited and (b) how energy availability was modulated by radiation and changes in floodwater heat storage. A 5‐month continuous measurement period (June–November) was used to sample across seasonal changes in canopy activity and temperature regimes. Over this period, the subcanopy airspace was humid, maintaining saturation vapour pressure for 28% of the total record. High humidity coupled with the thermal inertia of surface water altered both seasonal and diel energy exchanges, including atypical phenomena such as frequent day‐time vapour pressure gradients towards the water surface. Throughout the study period, nearly all available energy was partitioned to evaporation, with minimal sensible heat exchange. Monthly mean evaporation ranged from 0.7 to 1.7 mm/day, peaking in fall when canopy senescence allowed greater radiation transmission; contemporaneous seasonal temperature shifts and a net release of stored heat from the surface water resulted in energy availability exceeding net radiation by 30% in October and November. Relatively stable energy partitioning matches Priestley–Taylor assumptions for a general model of evaporation in this ecosystem.  相似文献   

Assessing stand water use in four coastal wetland forests using sapflow techniques: annual estimates,errors and associated uncertainties          下载免费PDF全文

Ken W. Krauss  Jamie A. Duberstein  William H. Conner 《水文研究》2015,29(1):112-127

Forests comprise approximately 37% of the terrestrial land surface and influence global water cycling. However, very little attention has been directed towards understanding environmental impacts on stand water use (S) or in identifying rates of S from specific forested wetlands. Here, we use sapflow techniques to address two separate but linked objectives: (1) determine S in four, hydrologically distinctive South Carolina (USA) wetland forests from 2009–2010 and (2) describe potential error, uncertainty and stand‐level variation associated with these assessments. Sapflow measurements were made from a number of tree species for approximately 2–8 months over 2 years to initiate the model, which was applied to canopy trees (DBH > 10–20 cm). We determined that S in three healthy forested wetlands varied from 1.97–3.97 mm day^?1 or 355–687 mm year^?1 when scaled. In contrast, saltwater intrusion impacted individual tree physiology and size class distributions on a fourth site, which decreased S to 0.61–1.13 mm day^?1 or 110–196 mm year^?1. The primary sources of error in estimations using sapflow probes would relate to calibration of probes and standardization relative to no flow periods and accounting for accurate sapflow attenuation with radial depth into the sapwood by species and site. Such inherent variation in water use among wetland forest stands makes small differences in S (<200 mm year^?1) difficult to detect statistically through modelling, even though small differences may be important to local water cycling. These data also represent some of the first assessments of S from temperate, coastal forested wetlands along the Atlantic coast of the USA. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Mid- to late Holocene environmental and climatic changes in New Caledonia, southwest tropical Pacific, inferred from the littoral plain Gouaro-Déva     

Denis Wirrmann  Anne-Marie Sémah  Jean-Pierre Debenay  Magali Chacornac-Rault 《Quaternary Research》2011,76(2):229-242

Multiproxy analysis of three littoral cores from western New Caledonia supports the hypothesis that the main controlling factors of environmental changes are sea-level change, ENSO variability and extra-tropical phenomena, such as the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) marked by a tendency for La Niña-like conditions in the tropical Pacific. The record starts during the late Holocene sea-level rise when the terrestrial vegetation indicated wet and cool conditions. The site was a coastal bay definitely transformed into a freshwater swamp at around 3400 cal yr BP, after the rapid drawdown of sea level to its current level. Sediments and foraminiferal assemblages indicated subsequent episodes of freshwater infillings, emersion or very high-energy conditions, likely related to climatic changes and mostly controlled by ENSO variability. Between 2750 and 2000 cal yr BP, relatively dry and cool climate prevailed, while wetter conditions predominated between ca. 1800 and 900 cal yr BP. The Rhizophoraceae peak between ca. 1080 and 750 cal yr BP, coeval with the MWP, may indicate a global phenomenon. Microcharcoal particles present throughout the record increased after 1500 cal yr BP, suggesting an anthropogenic source. From ca. 750 cal yr BP the appearance of current type of vegetation marks the human impact.  相似文献   

GLX-50型履带钻车的研制          下载免费PDF全文

史新慧  李建华  刘文武  朱迪斯  冯美贵  张德龙 《探矿工程》2011,38(12):47-49

针对沼泽浅滩难进入地区勘探的需求,研制了一种高效、适用、全液压的GLX-50型履带钻车。主要介绍了GLX-50履带钻车的结构特点、技术参数及试验结果。  相似文献   

三江平原沼泽土微观特性试验研究   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  

李丽华  陈轮  高盛焱  邵庆春  陈国双  刘彩云 《岩土力学》2009,30(8):2295-2299

从微观形态、微结构特征、粒度分析、土颗粒间的排列方式、孔隙大小分布、有机质含量以及矿物成分等方面对三江平原的两种沼泽土和北京翠湖湿地土进行了一系列微观结构的对比试验.结果表明:沼泽白土和翠湖湿地土与一般软土性质相似,但沼泽黑土含水率、液性指数、孔隙比、孔隙数量、孔径和孔隙体积远远大于沼泽白土和翠湖湿地土,有机质含量最大,特性明显突出.研究成果有助于提高对沼泽土特性的认识,可为沼泽地陷落体救助和沼泽湿地保护和合理开发等工程建设提供参考.  相似文献   

森林沼泽区从区域到矿区有效寻找隐伏矿的地球化学方法组合     

胡忠贤  于援帮 《物探与化探》2009,33(1):35-37

黑龙江省分布大面积森林沼泽,森林沼泽区地质工作困难且找矿效果差,笔者采用金属活动态测量方法,在“迅速掌握全局,逐步缩小靶区”战略思想的指导下,依次开展了超低密度（1个样/100 km2）地球化学调查→甚低密度（1个样/16 km2）地球化学调查→低密度（1个样/km2）地球化学详细测量→高密度（18个样/km2）异常定位测量等逐步缩小靶区工作。提交的部分靶区找矿效果较好,在地表覆盖层下部及深部发现Pb Zn工业矿体。研究总结的地球化学方法组合在森林沼泽区具有较好的找矿效果,该方法组合对今后这类地区的地球化学调查工作有较好的借鉴和参考意义。  相似文献   

得耳布尔铅锌矿土壤表生地球化学特征     

王戈  孙忠军  吴荣高  杨少平  孔牧  刘华忠 《物探与化探》2010,34(1):30-31

得耳布尔铅锌矿位于森林沼泽景观。通过对低温富有机质环境中土壤元素的表生地球化学特征的研究表明,土壤中元素地球化学行为受到到基岩、土壤粒级、铁锰氧化物、有机质、酸性地表水的控制;残积层和腐殖层元素存在形式主要是铁锰氧化物态,铁锰氧化物对元素次生富集起到了很大的作用;有机质对元素的吸附作用受到土壤粒级、层位和有机质含量的影响。  相似文献   

甘南玛曲沼泽湿地土壤微生物量、理化因子与土壤酶活的关系   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  

牛世全  李君锋  杨婷婷  达文燕  杨建文  宁应之  姚健 《冰川冻土》2010,32(5)

对甘南玛曲沼泽湿地6个样地的微生物量与土壤酶活性及其土壤理化性质之间的关系进行了研究.结果表明:纤维素酶活性在冬季达到高峰,其余5种土壤酶活性分别在春季和秋季达到高峰;硝化细菌数量与过氧化氢酶、纤维素酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶有较显著的负相关关系;微生物量与酶活性之间存在极显著相关关系,其中微生物量因子中的放线菌、氨化细菌、硝化细菌和土壤酶活性因子中的酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、中性磷酸酶是引起相关性的主要因素;酸性磷酸酶活性与土壤含水率、pH值、硝态氮含量、氨态氮含量都有密切的关系,过氧化氢酶活性可以通过有机质的含量来反映,脲酶活性可以通过土壤的含水率来反映,碱性磷酸酶活性可以通过电导率来反映.  相似文献   

图们江河口沼泽沉积物的粒度特征及碎屑源分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张洪岩  王锡魁  隋维国  蔡文晓  刘志广 《世界地质》2006,25(2):147-153,159

经对图们江河口沼泽沉积物的粒度分析,其粒度特征:①分选差,粒径φ值为5.66~8.74(0.020 mm~0.002 mm),平均φ值为7.57(0.005 mm);②粒级构成为:粉砂74.21%,黏土25.79%;③频率曲线以双峰态为主,主要为负偏态。热释光测年结果表明该套样品沉积时间为晚更新世末期至今。根据沉积物粒度分布特征推断该区沼泽沉积物主要为图们江碎屑物由上游搬运到河口地区,堆积在河床和河漫滩上,在旱季由风搬运到沼泽中并堆积下来。雨季的面流也将少量细粒碎屑搬运到沼泽中并沉积下来。  相似文献   

地球化学勘查在黑龙江省陆角岭区地质找矿中的应用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

杨凤喜  闫文强  史瑞民  刘洪军 《吉林地质》2007,26(2):55-59,70

森林沼泽景观区1:5万水系沉积物地球化学测量是在森林沼泽区进行地球化学勘查的重要方法之一,在陆角岭工作区,应用水系沉积物测量、土壤测量查证工作,找矿效果显著.  相似文献