Accounting for sparsely observed rainfall space—time variability in a rainfall—runoff model of a semiarid Tunisian basin/Prise en compte d'observations peu denses de la variabilité spatiotemporelle de la pluie dans une modélisation pluie—débit d'un bassin semi-aride Tunisien     

《水文科学杂志》2013,58(4)

Abstract

The management of water excesses and deficits is a major task in semiarid Mediterranean regions, where the variability of rainfall inputs is high at different time and space scales. Thus intense hydrometeorological events, which generate both potential resource and hazards, are of major interest. A simple method is proposed, with the example of the Skhira basin (192 km²) in central Tunisia, to account for the event space–time variability of rainfall in a rainfall–runoff model, in order to check its influence on the shape, magnitude and timing of resulting hydrographs. The transfer function used is a geomorphology-based unit hydrograph with an explicit territorial significance. Simulations made for highly variable events show the relevance of this method, seen as the first step of a downward approach, and its robustness with respect to the quality and the density of rainfall data.  相似文献   

Genetic and ore-forming ages of the Fe–P–(Ti) oxide deposits associated with mafic–ultramafic–carbonatite complexes in the Kuluketage block,NW China     

W. Chen  X. B. Lü  Q. Yuan  X. D. Wang 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(7):1041-1062

Abstract

During the past 50 years, many geological and ore-deposit investigations have led to the discovery of the Fe–P–(Ti)-oxide deposits associated with mafic–ultramafic–carbonatite complexes in the Kuluketage block, northeastern Tarim Craton. In this paper, we discuss the genetic and ore-forming ages, tectonic setting, and the genesis of these deposits (Kawuliuke, Qieganbulake and Duosike). LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating yielded a weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages of 811?±?5?Ma, 811?±?4?Ma, and 840?±?5?Ma for Kawuliuke ore-bearing pyroxenite, Qieganbulake gabbro and Duosike ore-bearing pyroxenite, respectively. The CL images of the Kawuliuke apatite grains show core–rim structure, suggesting multi-phase crystallisation, whereas the apatite grains from Qieganbulake and Dusike deposits do not show any core–rim texture, suggesting a single-stage crystallisation. LA-ICP-MS apatite ²⁰⁷Pb-corrected U–Pb dating provided weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages of 814?±?21?Ma and 771?±?8?Ma for the Kawuliuke ores, and 810?±?7?Ma and 841?±?7?Ma for Qieganbulake and Duosike ores, respectively. The core–rim texture in apatite by CL imaging as well as two different ore-forming ages in the core and rim of the apatite indicate two metallogenic events for the Kawuliuke deposit. The first metallogenic period was magmatic in origin, and the second period was hydrothermal in origin. The initial ore-forming age of the Kawuliuke Fe–P–Ti mineralisation was ca 814?Ma and the second one was ca 771?Ma. On the other hand, the ore-forming ages of the Qieganbulake and Duosike deposits were ca 810?Ma and ca 841?Ma, respectively. Qieganbulake and Duosike deposits were of magmatic origin. Combined with previous geochronological data and the research on the tectonic background, we infer that the Kawuliuke, Qieganbulake and Duosike Fe–P–(Ti)-oxide deposits were formed in a subduction-related tectonic setting and were the product of subduction-related magmatism.  相似文献   

Wildfire preparedness,community cohesion and social–ecological systems     

Tim Prior  Christine Eriksen 《Global Environmental Change》2013,23(6):1575-1586

The consequences of wildfires are felt in susceptible communities around the globe on an annual basis. Climate change predictions in places like the south-east of Australia and western United States suggest that wildfires may become more frequent and more intense with global climate change. Compounding this issue is progressive urban development at the peri-urban fringe (wildland–urban interface), where continued infrastructure development and demographic changes are likely to expose more people and property to this potentially disastrous natural hazard. Preparing well in advance of the wildfire season is seen as a fundamental behaviour that can both reduce community wildfire vulnerability and increase hazard resilience – it is an important element of adaptive capacity that allows people to coexist with the hazardous environment in which they live. We use household interviews and surveys to build and test a substantive model that illustrates how social cohesion influences the decision to prepare for wildfire. We demonstrate that social cohesion, particularly community characteristics like ‘sense of community’ and ‘collective problem solving’, are community-based resources that support both the adoption of mechanical preparations, and the development of cognitive abilities and capacities that reduce vulnerability and enhance resilience to wildfire. We use the results of this work to highlight opportunities to transfer techniques and approaches from natural hazards research to climate change adaptation research to explore how the impacts attributed to the social components of social–ecological systems can be mitigated more effectively.  相似文献   

大陆碰撞构造剖析   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

赵宗溥 《地质科学》1994,(2):120

 首先对青藏高原分布的蛇绿岩带的地质特征进行剖析,认为这些蛇绿岩是陆内裂谷环境产出的初始洋壳而不是大陆缝合线。然后对喜马拉雅山系的构造特征及其造山体制加以讨论,认为以喜马拉雅山系作为碰撞造山的样板并无地质事实的根据,而是一种想当然的臆说,后来也得不到参验。结论:碰撞造山带在大陆是不存在的,是看不到的。  相似文献   

内蒙古苏尼特左旗南两类花岗岩同位素年代学及其构造意义   总被引：93，自引：1，他引：92  

陈斌  赵国春等 《地质论评》2001,47(4):361-367

内蒙古北部索伦缝合带（索伦-苏尼特左旗-锡林浩特）被多数中外学者认为是西伯利亚板块南缘和华北板块北缘的最终缝合带,本文选择该缝合带上苏尼特左旗南两类花岗岩-与俯冲有关和与碰撞有关的岩浆岩（分别叫弧岩浆岩和碰撞岗岩）进行同位素年代学研究,结果表明：（1）弧岩浆活动有两期,分别约为490Ma和310Ma(锆石U-Pb,SHRIMP);碰撞花岗岩的侵位年代在230-250Ma(Rb-Sr全岩和锆石U-Pb);（2）根据本文新的年代学数据,索伦缝合带的最终缝合时间可能是在230-310Ma,这显然不同于国内多数学者坚持的“晚泥盆世碰撞”模式;而Sengor等推测的“晚二又开展碰撞”模式与本文数据一致。  相似文献   

Seismic anisotropy beneath Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, revealed by shear wave splitting   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Bettina Bayer  Christian Müller  David W. Eaton  Wilfried Jokat 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,171(1):339-351

Shear wave splitting analyses have been carried out using teleseismic data from broad-band seismograph stations deployed at temporary and permanent locations in Dronning Maud Land (DML), Antarctica. In most cases, the observed anisotropy can be related to major tectonic events that formed the present-day Antarctic continent. We rule out an anisotropic contribution from recent asthenospheric flow. At the Russian base Novolazarevskaya near the coast in central DML, waveform inversion suggests a two-layer model where the fast direction of the upper layer is oriented parallel to Archean fabrics in the lithosphere, whereas the anisotropy of the lower layer is interpreted to have been created during the Jurassic Gondwana break-up. Recordings at the South African base Sanae IV, however, show enigmatic results. For narrow backazimuthal segments, splitting parameters show strong variations together with a multitude of isotropic measurements, indicative of complex scattering that cannot be explained by simple one- or two-layer anisotropic models. In the interior of the continent, the data are consistent with single-layer anisotropy, but show significant spatial variations in splitting parameters. A set of temporary stations across the Heimefront shear zone in western DML yield splitting directions that we interpret as frozen anisotropy from Proterozoic assembly of the craton. An abrupt change in fast axis direction appears to mark a suture between the Grunehogna craton, a fragment of the Kalahari–Kaapvaal craton in southern Africa and the Mesoproterozoic Maudheim Province.  相似文献   

Geology and geochemistry of the Bingdaban ophiolitic mélange in the boundary fault zone on the northern Central Tianshan Belt,and its tectonic implications     

Dong YunPeng  Zhang GuoWei  Zhou DingWu  Luo JinHai  Zhang ChengLi  Xia LinQi  Xu XueYi  Li XiangMin 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2007,50(1):17-24

The properties and tectonic significance of the fault bound zone on the northern margin of the Central Tianshan belt are key issues to understand the tectonic framework and evolutionary history of the Tianshan Orogenic Belt. Based on the geological and geochemical studies in the Tianshan orogenic belt, it is suggested that the ophiolitic slices found in the Bingdaban area represent the remaining oceanic crust of the Early Paleozoic ocean between the Hazakstan and Zhungaer blocks. Mainly composed of basalts, gabbros and diabases, the ophiolites were overthrust onto the boundary fault between the Northern Tianshan and Central Tianshan belts. The major element geochemistry is characterized by high TiO₂ (1.50%–2.25%) and MgO (6.64%–9.35%), low K₂O (0.06%–0.41%) and P₂O₅ (0.1%–0.2%), and Na₂O>K₂O as well. Low ΣREE and depletion in LREE indicate that the original magma was derived from a depleted mantle source. Compared with a primitive mantle, the geochemistry of the basalts from the Bingdaban area is featureded by depletion in Th, U, Nb, La, Ce and Pr, and unfractionated in HFS elements. The ratios of Zr/Nb, Nb/La, Hf/Ta, Th/Yb and Hf/Th are similar to those of the typical N-MORB. It can be interpreted that the basalts in the Bingdaban area were derived from a depleted mantle source, and formed in a matured mid-oceanic ridge setting during the matured evolutionary stage of the Northern Tianshan ocean. In comparison with the basalts, the diabases from the Bingdaban area show higher contents of Al₂O₃, ΣREE and HFS elements as well as unfractionated incompatible elements except Cs, Rb and Ba, and about 10 times the values of the primitive mantle. Thus, the diabases are thought to be derived from a primitive mantle and similar to the typical E-MORB. The diabases also have slight Nb depletion accompanying no apparent Th enrichment compared with N-MORB. From studies of the regional geology and all above evidence, it can be suggested that the diabases from the Bingdaban area were formed in the mid-oceanic ridge of the Northern Tianshan ocean during the initial spreading stage. Supported by the Major State Research Program of PRC (Grant No. 2001CB409801), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40472115 and 40234041) and the State Research Program of China Geological Survey (Grant No. 2001130000-22)  相似文献   

Geology and geochemistry of the Bingdaban ophiolitic mélange in the boundary fault zone on the northern Central Tianshan Belt, and its tectonic implications     

DONG YunPeng  ZHANG GuoWei  ZHOU DingWu  LUO JinHai  ZHANG ChengLi  XIA LinQi  XU XueYi  LI XiangMin 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2007,50(1)

  相似文献   

新疆东准噶尔塔克扎勒—麦钦乌拉古缝合线的确定   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

郭召杰  王超 《矿物岩石》1993,13(1):96-102

本文通过构造分析及岩石学、地球化学研究,证实塔克扎勒—麦钦乌拉存在一条蛇绿混杂岩带,表现为在构造变形的砂泥质基质中分布若干个洋脊型和洋岛型的蛇绿岩碎块。该带两侧地壳厚度明显不同,大陆边缘增生方向相反,该带还是一条早古生代的生物群落界线,早石炭世两侧岛弧有较大的纬度差异(20°以上)。因此,塔克扎勒—麦钦乌拉蛇绿混杂岩带是古准噶尔大洋闭合的残骸,代表了西伯利亚板块和塔里木板块碰撞的缝合线构造带。  相似文献   

雅鲁藏布江缝合带日喀则群的蛇绿岩质海底扇及其板块构造意义          下载免费PDF全文

刘宝珺  余光明  陈成生 《沉积与特提斯地质》1993,(2):13-24

沿雅鲁藏布江缝合带分布的日喀则群(K_2TK)砂泥质细粒复理石中发育着一种独特的沉积单元——蛇绿岩质砂砾质海底扇。这些扇体规模小,内扇和中扇相序典型。无论是内扇还是中扇,水道都特别发育,而且水道游荡作用明显。盛行砂砾质高密度浊流和粘性碎屑流沉积,沉积物粒度粗,含大量卵石级以上的粗碎屑,具有近源、快速堆积的特点。其碎屑组分为世界现代和古代海底扇沉积所罕见,主要是蛇绿岩碎屑,并含少量岛弧火山-岩浆岩碎屑和老地层的碎屑。这些扇体具有活动边缘型海底扇的典型特征,但又有其特殊性,它们发育在雅鲁藏布洋盆闭合、印度板块与藏北板块开始碰撞时的残留复理石盆地边缘。板块碰撞导致蛇绿岩质杂岩体和洋壳物质逆冲、抬升形成一个外弧造山带。该外弧造山带成为这些扇体的主要物源区。同时,强烈的逆掩和纳布作用也可将部分岛弧岩和老地层带到残留盆地边缘,一起作为来源母岩。  相似文献