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11.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(8):994-1016
We studied the structural, petrological, and geochemical characteristics, as well as the geotectonic setting, of the Hercynian (300 ± 3 Ma) Voras plutonic rocks intrusive into the lower part of the Pelagonian nappe pile (East Pelagonian Zone, EPZ). These rocks are compared with the neighbouring Hercynian Varnountas and Kastoria plutons intruding the tectonic upper Pelagonian part (Korabi West Pelagonian Zone, KoWPZ). Based on modal and chemical compositions, four rock-types can be distinguished for the Voras ploutonic rocks: (1) hornblende-biotite granodiorite to granite (HbBtGrd), (2) biotite granite (BtGr), (3) leucogranite (LGr), and (4) mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) occurring typically in HbBtGrd and BtGr. Aplites intrude HbBtGrd and BtGr whereas xenoliths are rare. The MMEs are metaluminous, while all the other rock-types are slightly peraluminous. Crystallization pressures range from 2.4 to 2.9 kbar for the HbBtGrd and 3.0 kbar for the MME. Field observations, chemical, mineralogical, and petrographical data suggest that theMME and HbBtGrd + BtGr formed as a result of a two-step evolution process. In the first step, a mantle-sourced basic magma with composition similar to the more basic MMEs fractionated (F = 0.40, 60% crystallization) and concurrently mixed with an acid magma, of composition similar to the more acid BtGr. The crystallized mineral assemblage is Qtz38.27Pl27.83Hb14.84Bt10.61Kf6.13Ap2.30Zrn0.02. The process evolved with a low r-value (r = 0.3) giving the more basic HbBtGrd. In the second step, evolved magma (more basic HbBtGrd) fractionated, while simultaneously mixing with the same acid magma, but with higher r-value (r = 0.8), giving the more evolved HbBtGrd and the BtGr after 50% crystallization (F = 0.50) to the phase assemblage Qtz30.07Pl27.75Hb5.59Bt3.33Kf23.26Tit5.86Ap1.91Zrn0.04Mt2.19. We interpret the evolution of the LGr through fractional crystallization; it formed by partial melting of gneisses or felsic charnokites and granoulites. The less evolved MME (basic end-member) had a mantle origin, whereas for the more evolved BtGr (acid end-member) we favour partial melting of gneisses or mafic charnokites. Detailed structural analysis shows a strong, polyphase Alpine deformation which affected the Hercynian Voras ploutonic rocks and is thoroughly imprinted on the host Pelagonian metamorphic basement rocks. No evidence of relict Hercynian structures has been recognized, possibly due to intense reworking by the younger Alpine deformation. We have identified five tectonic events (D1–D5) from the Late Jurassic to recent, that evolved progressively from ductile, synmetamorphic (D1, D2) to semi-ductile (D3), and finally brittle (D4, D5) conditions. Voras plutonic rocks in the EPZ, and Varnountas and Kastoria plutons in the KoWPZ, have similar major and trace element geochemistries, as well as structural evolution; they coevally intruded (Carboniferous) the Pelagonian continent as a single unit. They show similar crystallization pressures and mantle contributions for their genesis; both are related to a volcanic arc geotectonic setting, associated with the subduction of the Palaeotethys Ocean beneath the Pelagonian continental fragment, the latter possibly of Gondwana origin. 相似文献
12.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(4):489-509
ABSTRACTWe report geological and palaeomagnetic data from five discrete plutons in the southern part of the Peninsular Ranges batholith (PRB) and one pluton that is part of the Jurassic plutonic suite in the Vizcaíno peninsula. The PRB plutons are Cretaceous and belong to the Alisitos island arc. The Jurassic pluton intrudes a Triassic-Jurassic ophiolite.Our study was designed to evaluate the palaeomagnetic homogeneity of the batholith from the Sierra San Pedro Mártir, at ~31°N, to about ~28.3°N. The Punta Prieta, Nuevo Rosarito, San Jerónimo, and La Rinconada plutons in the western zone of the PRB are characterized by magnetizations residing in magnetite. The Compostela pluton is emplaced in a transition zone and has a magnetization that resides in haematite. The five Cretaceous plutons yield a combined palaeopole at 80.3°N, 162.1°E, A95 = 9.8°, N = 5 that after correcting for the opening of the Gulf of California rotates to 77.6°N, 173.6°E, the rotated pole being in angular distance of only 4.4° from the North America reference pole. The Jurassic San Roque pluton yields a mean 0.6°N, 306.1°E, A95 = 9.2°, N = 10, which is discordant, showing a clockwise rotation of about 131° ± 16° and flattening of 9.5° ± 12.9° with respect to the 150 Ma cratonic reference palaeopole. The results suggest that the intrusion of the undeformed Cretaceous Punta Prieta to Compostela plutons (128.1 ± 1.4 and 100.5 ± 2.7 Ma, respectively) restricts tectonic accretion of the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous sequences to the North America margin to the time before mid-Cretaceous magmatism (~100 Ma) in the PRB near present latitude 28°N. Mesozoic and Cenozoic strike-slip faulting along the Vizcaíno margin can account for the 131° clockwise rotation of the San Roque pluton. Our results do not support significant latitudinal movement between Vizcaíno, the PRB, and mainland Mexico with the exception of the Neogene San Andreas Fault-related right lateral movement. 相似文献
13.
D. A. Berkman 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(1-2):83-88
There are now 14 universities and 8 colleges of advanced education in Australia with geology or earth science departments, which comprised 278 professional staff, 2020 undergraduates, and 556 graduate students in 1978. Academic staff, engaged in a wide range of research, represent less than 10 percent of the total number of Australian geoscientists. Almost all non‐academic employers (98 percent of the sample) presently accept a graduate with a B.Sc. (Hons) degree, while 85 percent accept a B.Sc pass degree. About 65 percent of non‐academic geologists work for industry, and the remainder are employed by government surveys and research organisations. Mining and mineral exploration employ 76 percent of the geologists in industry, followed by petroleum exploration with 11 percent. Geologists make up 83 percent of geoscientists in non‐academic employment, the remainder being geophysicists 15 percent and geochemists 2 percent. Information on vacancies available in early 1979 suggests that all the recent graduates would be absorbed by government and industry, and pointed to a resurgence in demand for qualified geoscientists. There has been striking growth in the number of consulting/contracting geological firms, with 65 firms employing 242 geoscientists replying to the 1978 census. 相似文献
14.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(11):1309-1331
The Hohhot metamorphic core complex (MCC) is one of the typical MCCs in the North China craton. Its fault systems consist of the master Hohhot detachment zone (HHDZ) on the southern flank of the Daqing Shan, and the lowermost and uppermost northern detachment zones on the northern flank. Ductile deformation temperatures of three zones were estimated as 500 ± 50°C, 650 ± 50°C, and 400 ± 50°C, respectively, by analysis of microstructures of minerals and quartz [c] crystallographic axis fabrics using electron backscattered diffraction. These measurements suggest that previous 40Ar/39Ar ages could not represent the time of the high-temperature (>500°C) ductile deformations. Therefore, we used U-Pb zircon ages of mylonitized and non-mylonitized granitic intrusions to constrain the timing of the early high-temperature shearing. Strongly mylonitized granites and weakly mylonitized granites in the lowermost northern detachment zone yielded zircon U-Pb ages of 148 ± 1 and 140 ± 1 million years respectively. A syn-kinematic pluton in the lower plate of the MCC gave a U-Pb age of 142 ± 1 million years. These allow us to speculate on the possibility that SE-directed, early tangential, high-temperature ductile shearing probably was initiated during ca. 148–140 Ma (or ca. 142 Ma) at depth, with the thrust events occurring at shallow levels. A strongly mylonitized granitic dike and a non-mylonitized pluton in the master HHDZ yielded ages of 142 ± 1 and 132 ± 2 million years respectively. A non-mylonitized pluton intrusive into the uppermost northern detachment zone was dated at 131 ± 1 Ma. All these suggest that major extensional ductile shearing along the detachment zones took place during ca. 140–132 Ma. Using these new U-Pb ages, combined with previously published 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages that range from 127 Ma to 119 million years for the master HHDZ and supradetachment basins, we discuss and derive the time of formation process of the MCC. This is one of only a few cases of detailed study of timing for the development of an MCC from earlier deep-level shearing to later thermal uplifting (doming). 相似文献
15.
运用角闪石一斜长石温度计和角闪石全铝压力计估算的华北地块北缘内蒙古隆起西段固阳地区早二叠世花岗质岩体的结晶温度和侵位深度分别为679.1~728.7℃和15.6~19.8 km,表明白早二叠世以来,固阳地区至少有15.6km的地壳岩石被剥露。这一构造抬升及剥露是造成该区中—新元古代地层不连续分布及古生代—早中生代地层普遍缺失的最主要原因。岩体侵位深度与区域前二叠纪最大沉积地层厚度(13.0 km)对比结果表明,早二叠世之前,华北地块北缘已经发生了明显的褶皱或逆冲构造变形,从而导致了地壳岩石的叠覆与加厚。这一早二叠世之前的构造变形及地壳加厚可能与晚古生代期间古亚洲洋板块向华北地块下俯冲有关。 相似文献
16.
小秦岭文峪和娘娘山花岗岩体锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄及其意义 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
对小秦岭文峪和娘娘山花岗岩体进行的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年和岩石地球化学分析结果表明,文峪和娘娘山黑云母二长花岗岩体属于Ⅰ型花岗岩,是太古宙太华群高级变质岩系经部分熔融的产物。它们的成岩年龄分别为138.4±2.5 Ma和141.7±2.5 Ma,略早于本区拆离伸展活动的时限,暗示了中下地壳部分熔融形成的岩浆热穹窿和花岗质岩浆在上地壳的大面积侵位导致了小秦岭变质核杂岩的发育。花岗岩体的成岩年龄都早于本区金矿床的主期成矿时代,从时间上表明了花岗质岩浆活动与金矿成矿作用无直接关系。 相似文献
17.
M. J. RUBENACH 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1992,10(3):333-346
In the Hazeldene area, situated in the Mount Isa Inlier, Queensland, the metamorphic grade changes from chlorite zone, through biotite and cordierite zones, to sillimanite/K-feldspar zone.
Microstructural studies of rocks near the sillimanite isograd demonstrate that cordierite grew early during the development of a steep foliation (S2), was replaced by biotite, andalusite and sillimanite at the metamorphic peak late in S2, and in turn by kyanite + chlorite adjacent to localized small post-D2 shear zones. Although the anticlockwise P–T–t path is well defined, the precise P–T conditions are uncertain because of problems with experimental and thermodynamic data. The best estimate for the metamorphic peak for rocks close to the sillimanite isograd is around 600° C at 4 kbar.
The metamorphism has been dated at 1544 Ma, and was synchronous with a major crustal shortening event. Because proposed extensional events occurred more than 60 Ma earlier, their contribution to the peak metamorphic thermal perturbation would have been insignificant. The syn-metamorphic Mica Creek Pegmatites, the abundance of high heat-producing elements in the nearby pre-D2 Sybella Granite, and advective heat by fluids which caused considerable metasomatism in the Hazeldene area, may have each contributed to the thermal budget. However, the metamorphic thermal gradient may be 80°C km-1 or higher, strongly suggesting a local magmatic control. As none are known in the area, such syn-metamorphic plutons would have to lie beneath the exposed high-grade rocks. 相似文献
Microstructural studies of rocks near the sillimanite isograd demonstrate that cordierite grew early during the development of a steep foliation (S2), was replaced by biotite, andalusite and sillimanite at the metamorphic peak late in S2, and in turn by kyanite + chlorite adjacent to localized small post-D2 shear zones. Although the anticlockwise P–T–t path is well defined, the precise P–T conditions are uncertain because of problems with experimental and thermodynamic data. The best estimate for the metamorphic peak for rocks close to the sillimanite isograd is around 600° C at 4 kbar.
The metamorphism has been dated at 1544 Ma, and was synchronous with a major crustal shortening event. Because proposed extensional events occurred more than 60 Ma earlier, their contribution to the peak metamorphic thermal perturbation would have been insignificant. The syn-metamorphic Mica Creek Pegmatites, the abundance of high heat-producing elements in the nearby pre-D2 Sybella Granite, and advective heat by fluids which caused considerable metasomatism in the Hazeldene area, may have each contributed to the thermal budget. However, the metamorphic thermal gradient may be 80°C km
18.
《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(3-4):165-184
Models consisting of a thick overburden resting on a buoyant layer were sheared and centrifruged in order to study the relationship between strike-slip shear zones and intrusions of buoyant material. Three experiments were carried out: In model 1, where the overburden consisted of a viscous material, no diapirs formed even after shearing for 40 mm (? = -1.07) and 27 min centrifuging. In models 2 and 3, where the overburden was semi-brittle, prescribed cuts at two different orientations (model 2: parallel to s1; model 3: perpendicular to s1) were initiated in the overburden in order to see whether such cuts acted as pathways for intrusion. In model 2 the prescribed cuts were used by the buoyant material as pathways when the cuts opened during shearing. Continued shearing widened the cuts and allowed the buoyant material to extrude on the surface of the model forming a coalesced elliptical sheet. In model 3. the cuts were closed during shearing and prevented the intrusion of the buoyant material. During further shearing, the cuts rotated and activated as strike-slip faults bounding pull-apart basins. Such pull-apart basins were not deep enough to tap the buoyant material. Nevertheless, the results of the experiments suggest that magma ascends in shear zones not as diapirs, but rises along preexisting pathways as dykes. Model results were used to evaluate emplacement of the Fürstenstein Intrusive Complex (FIC) in the Bavarian Forest, whose magnetic and structural inventory have been investigated in detail. The pluton consists of 5 magma batches, each with distinct magnetic fabrics. which are interpreted as the result of magma intrusion along opening and rotating tension gashes within the BPSZ stress field. Shear failure of the crust in the FIC area due to thermomechanical weakening provided the space for the emplacement of the last and biggest granite magma batch. Overall, the emplacement history of the FIC fits perfectly with the observations made during experiment 2 and indicates that magma ascent in shear zones is bound to tension gashes. 相似文献
19.
南秦岭华阳花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb
年龄、地球化学和Hf同位素组成
——对五龙岩体群成因的约束 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
华阳岩体位于南秦岭中部地区,岩体主体岩性为黑云母二长花岗岩。对中粒黑云母二长花岗岩和细粒黑云母二长花岗岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年分别获得214Ma±2Ma和228Ma±2Ma的年龄,表明该岩体形成于晚三叠世。华阳花岗岩属于弱过铝质和高钾钙碱性系列,具有I-A型花岗岩过渡的特征,A/CNK值为1.01~1.14,Na2O为3.15%~3.83%,K2O为3.04%~5.70%,K2O/Na2O为0.84~1.80,Mg#为0.24~0.48;稀土元素配分曲线表现为右倾型,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显,具有显著的Eu负异常。该花岗岩富集Rb、K、Pb、Sr等大离子亲石元素,亏损Zr、Hf、Ta、Nb、P、Ti等高场强元素,表明华阳花岗岩的物源以壳源物质为主。锆石饱和温度和Ti温度计等的估算显示,华阳岩体岩浆源区的初始温度为750~800℃。花岗岩的锆石εHf(t)值变化范围较小,为-6.17~2.27,平均值为-3.19;二阶段模式年龄TDM2为1.65~1.12Ga,加权平均值为1.46Ga,结合区域地质背景和前人研究成果认为,华阳花岗岩是早—中元古代古老地壳物质部分熔融的结果,伴有少量幔源物质的加入;岩体的形成与华南板块和华北板块碰撞有关,是同碰撞向后碰撞构造体制转变或后碰撞伸展早期的产物。 相似文献
20.
花岗岩体高温热年代学研究的新思路、方法及计算实例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对国内外花岗岩体723 对锆石U-Pb 年龄（t Zr）和全岩Rb-Sr 等时线年龄（t Rb）进行的相关分析, 拟合出相关系数很高
（Ｒ =0.997）, 回归系数接近l 的线性回归方程（t Zr=1.0005×t Rb+0.493041）。 Δt Zr-Rb（t Zr-t Rb）频数统计分析表明: Δt Zr-Rb呈对
称正态分布（偏度系数C SK=0.193; 峰度系数C KU=6.722）, 其均值为0.624 Ma, 众数值为1.0 Ma。这表明花岗岩体锆石U-Pb 定
年的测定结果与全岩Rb-Sr 等时线定年测定结果在允许的误差范围内是一致的。不存在花岗岩体锆石U-Pb 年龄必定大于全
岩Rb-Sr 等时线年龄的规律表明,同位素热年代学方法只适用于研究花岗岩结晶固结后的低温热演化史。 前人根据锆石U-Pb
年龄和全岩Rb-Sr 等时线年龄差值及相应同位素体系封闭温度研究的10 个花岗岩体的冷却速率（CR Zr-Rb）表明,它们与岩
体体积尺度不相关,这有悖于“热物体的体积（质量）愈大,则在相同热物理条件下其冷却速率愈小”的热物理学基本定律。
根据热传导理论及本文作者（2010）提出的侵位结晶时差概念我们得出“在相同热物理学条件下,体积尺度是决定花岗岩
体冷却速率最主要因素”的结论。以上述10 个花岗岩体为例,本文计算得出它们在结晶固结前高温阶段的冷却速率（CR ECTD）
并拟合出冷却速率与岩体体积尺度呈幂函数关系：CR ECTD=7544.7×D -2.1686, 计算结果符合热物理学基本定律。 相似文献
（Ｒ =0.997）, 回归系数接近l 的线性回归方程（t Zr=1.0005×t Rb+0.493041）。 Δt Zr-Rb（t Zr-t Rb）频数统计分析表明: Δt Zr-Rb呈对
称正态分布（偏度系数C SK=0.193; 峰度系数C KU=6.722）, 其均值为0.624 Ma, 众数值为1.0 Ma。这表明花岗岩体锆石U-Pb 定
年的测定结果与全岩Rb-Sr 等时线定年测定结果在允许的误差范围内是一致的。不存在花岗岩体锆石U-Pb 年龄必定大于全
岩Rb-Sr 等时线年龄的规律表明,同位素热年代学方法只适用于研究花岗岩结晶固结后的低温热演化史。 前人根据锆石U-Pb
年龄和全岩Rb-Sr 等时线年龄差值及相应同位素体系封闭温度研究的10 个花岗岩体的冷却速率（CR Zr-Rb）表明,它们与岩
体体积尺度不相关,这有悖于“热物体的体积（质量）愈大,则在相同热物理条件下其冷却速率愈小”的热物理学基本定律。
根据热传导理论及本文作者（2010）提出的侵位结晶时差概念我们得出“在相同热物理学条件下,体积尺度是决定花岗岩
体冷却速率最主要因素”的结论。以上述10 个花岗岩体为例,本文计算得出它们在结晶固结前高温阶段的冷却速率（CR ECTD）
并拟合出冷却速率与岩体体积尺度呈幂函数关系：CR ECTD=7544.7×D -2.1686, 计算结果符合热物理学基本定律。 相似文献